Retroviral Restriction Factors and Their Viral Targets: Restriction Strategies and Evolutionary Adaptations
The evolutionary conflict between retroviruses and their vertebrate hosts over millions of years has led to the emergence of cellular innate immune proteins termed restriction factors as well as their viral antagonists. Evidence accumulated in the last two decades has substantially increased our und...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/12/1965 |
| _version_ | 1797545036143919104 |
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| author | Guney Boso Christine A. Kozak |
| author_facet | Guney Boso Christine A. Kozak |
| author_sort | Guney Boso |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The evolutionary conflict between retroviruses and their vertebrate hosts over millions of years has led to the emergence of cellular innate immune proteins termed restriction factors as well as their viral antagonists. Evidence accumulated in the last two decades has substantially increased our understanding of the elaborate mechanisms utilized by these restriction factors to inhibit retroviral replication, mechanisms that either directly block viral proteins or interfere with the cellular pathways hijacked by the viruses. Analyses of these complex interactions describe patterns of accelerated evolution for these restriction factors as well as the acquisition and evolution of their virus-encoded antagonists. Evidence is also mounting that many restriction factors identified for their inhibition of specific retroviruses have broader antiviral activity against additional retroviruses as well as against other viruses, and that exposure to these multiple virus challenges has shaped their adaptive evolution. In this review, we provide an overview of the restriction factors that interfere with different steps of the retroviral life cycle, describing their mechanisms of action, adaptive evolution, viral targets and the viral antagonists that evolved to counter these factors. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:09:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a5c090685229411e95d5b1adc135de6c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:09:56Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-a5c090685229411e95d5b1adc135de6c2023-11-21T00:20:07ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072020-12-01812196510.3390/microorganisms8121965Retroviral Restriction Factors and Their Viral Targets: Restriction Strategies and Evolutionary AdaptationsGuney Boso0Christine A. Kozak1Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892-0460, USALaboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892-0460, USAThe evolutionary conflict between retroviruses and their vertebrate hosts over millions of years has led to the emergence of cellular innate immune proteins termed restriction factors as well as their viral antagonists. Evidence accumulated in the last two decades has substantially increased our understanding of the elaborate mechanisms utilized by these restriction factors to inhibit retroviral replication, mechanisms that either directly block viral proteins or interfere with the cellular pathways hijacked by the viruses. Analyses of these complex interactions describe patterns of accelerated evolution for these restriction factors as well as the acquisition and evolution of their virus-encoded antagonists. Evidence is also mounting that many restriction factors identified for their inhibition of specific retroviruses have broader antiviral activity against additional retroviruses as well as against other viruses, and that exposure to these multiple virus challenges has shaped their adaptive evolution. In this review, we provide an overview of the restriction factors that interfere with different steps of the retroviral life cycle, describing their mechanisms of action, adaptive evolution, viral targets and the viral antagonists that evolved to counter these factors.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/12/1965retrovirusesrestriction factorsviral evolutionviral antagonists |
| spellingShingle | Guney Boso Christine A. Kozak Retroviral Restriction Factors and Their Viral Targets: Restriction Strategies and Evolutionary Adaptations Microorganisms retroviruses restriction factors viral evolution viral antagonists |
| title | Retroviral Restriction Factors and Their Viral Targets: Restriction Strategies and Evolutionary Adaptations |
| title_full | Retroviral Restriction Factors and Their Viral Targets: Restriction Strategies and Evolutionary Adaptations |
| title_fullStr | Retroviral Restriction Factors and Their Viral Targets: Restriction Strategies and Evolutionary Adaptations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Retroviral Restriction Factors and Their Viral Targets: Restriction Strategies and Evolutionary Adaptations |
| title_short | Retroviral Restriction Factors and Their Viral Targets: Restriction Strategies and Evolutionary Adaptations |
| title_sort | retroviral restriction factors and their viral targets restriction strategies and evolutionary adaptations |
| topic | retroviruses restriction factors viral evolution viral antagonists |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/12/1965 |
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