Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens and Other Secondary Metabolites in Austrian Pastures: Occurrences, Contamination Levels and Implications of Geo-Climatic Factors
Pastures are key feed sources for dairy production and can be contaminated with several secondary metabolites from fungi and plants with toxic or endocrine-disrupting activities, which possess a risk for the health, reproduction and performance of cattle. This exploratory study aimed to determine th...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/7/460 |
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| author | Felipe Penagos-Tabares Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-ard Veronika Nagl Johannes Faas Timothy Jenkins Michael Sulyok Qendrim Zebeli |
| author_facet | Felipe Penagos-Tabares Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-ard Veronika Nagl Johannes Faas Timothy Jenkins Michael Sulyok Qendrim Zebeli |
| author_sort | Felipe Penagos-Tabares |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Pastures are key feed sources for dairy production and can be contaminated with several secondary metabolites from fungi and plants with toxic or endocrine-disrupting activities, which possess a risk for the health, reproduction and performance of cattle. This exploratory study aimed to determine the co-occurrences and concentrations of a wide range of mycotoxins, phytoestrogens and other secondary metabolites in grazing pastures. Representative samples of pastures were collected from 18 Austrian dairy farms (one sample per farm) between April to October 2019. After sample preparation (drying and milling) the pastures were subjected to multi-metabolite analysis using LC-MS/MS. In total, 68 metabolites were detected, including regulated zearalenone and deoxynivalenol (range: 2.16–138 and 107–505 μg/kg on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively), modified (3-deoxynivalenol-glucoside, HT-2-glucoside) and emerging <i>Fusarium</i> mycotoxins (e.g., enniatins), ergot alkaloids and <i>Alternaria</i> metabolites along with phytoestrogens and other metabolites. Aflatoxins, fumonisins, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin and ochratoxins were not detected. Of the geo-climatic factors and botanical diversity investigated, the environment temperature (average of 2 pre-sampling months and the sampling month) was the most influential factor. The number of fungal metabolites linearly increased with increasing temperatures and temperatures exceeding 15 °C triggered an exponential increment in the concentrations of <i>Fusarium</i> and <i>Alternaria</i> metabolites and ergot alkaloids. In conclusion, even though the levels of regulated mycotoxins detected were below the EU guidance levels, the long-term exposure along with co-occurrence with modified and emerging mycotoxins might be an underestimated risk for grazing and forage-fed livestock. The one-year preliminary data points out a dominant effect of environmental temperature in the diversity and contamination level of fungal metabolites in pastures. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:55:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a5db6da45cbd4719b2208aee0a42332c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:55:00Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-a5db6da45cbd4719b2208aee0a42332c2023-11-22T02:28:02ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512021-06-0113746010.3390/toxins13070460Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens and Other Secondary Metabolites in Austrian Pastures: Occurrences, Contamination Levels and Implications of Geo-Climatic FactorsFelipe Penagos-Tabares0Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-ard1Veronika Nagl2Johannes Faas3Timothy Jenkins4Michael Sulyok5Qendrim Zebeli6Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, AustriaBIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, AustriaBIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, AustriaBIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, AustriaDepartment IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstrasse 20, 3430 Tulln, AustriaInstitute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, AustriaPastures are key feed sources for dairy production and can be contaminated with several secondary metabolites from fungi and plants with toxic or endocrine-disrupting activities, which possess a risk for the health, reproduction and performance of cattle. This exploratory study aimed to determine the co-occurrences and concentrations of a wide range of mycotoxins, phytoestrogens and other secondary metabolites in grazing pastures. Representative samples of pastures were collected from 18 Austrian dairy farms (one sample per farm) between April to October 2019. After sample preparation (drying and milling) the pastures were subjected to multi-metabolite analysis using LC-MS/MS. In total, 68 metabolites were detected, including regulated zearalenone and deoxynivalenol (range: 2.16–138 and 107–505 μg/kg on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively), modified (3-deoxynivalenol-glucoside, HT-2-glucoside) and emerging <i>Fusarium</i> mycotoxins (e.g., enniatins), ergot alkaloids and <i>Alternaria</i> metabolites along with phytoestrogens and other metabolites. Aflatoxins, fumonisins, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin and ochratoxins were not detected. Of the geo-climatic factors and botanical diversity investigated, the environment temperature (average of 2 pre-sampling months and the sampling month) was the most influential factor. The number of fungal metabolites linearly increased with increasing temperatures and temperatures exceeding 15 °C triggered an exponential increment in the concentrations of <i>Fusarium</i> and <i>Alternaria</i> metabolites and ergot alkaloids. In conclusion, even though the levels of regulated mycotoxins detected were below the EU guidance levels, the long-term exposure along with co-occurrence with modified and emerging mycotoxins might be an underestimated risk for grazing and forage-fed livestock. The one-year preliminary data points out a dominant effect of environmental temperature in the diversity and contamination level of fungal metabolites in pastures.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/7/460pasturemycotoxinfungal metabolitephytoestrogencyanogenic glucosideergot alkaloid |
| spellingShingle | Felipe Penagos-Tabares Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-ard Veronika Nagl Johannes Faas Timothy Jenkins Michael Sulyok Qendrim Zebeli Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens and Other Secondary Metabolites in Austrian Pastures: Occurrences, Contamination Levels and Implications of Geo-Climatic Factors Toxins pasture mycotoxin fungal metabolite phytoestrogen cyanogenic glucoside ergot alkaloid |
| title | Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens and Other Secondary Metabolites in Austrian Pastures: Occurrences, Contamination Levels and Implications of Geo-Climatic Factors |
| title_full | Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens and Other Secondary Metabolites in Austrian Pastures: Occurrences, Contamination Levels and Implications of Geo-Climatic Factors |
| title_fullStr | Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens and Other Secondary Metabolites in Austrian Pastures: Occurrences, Contamination Levels and Implications of Geo-Climatic Factors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens and Other Secondary Metabolites in Austrian Pastures: Occurrences, Contamination Levels and Implications of Geo-Climatic Factors |
| title_short | Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens and Other Secondary Metabolites in Austrian Pastures: Occurrences, Contamination Levels and Implications of Geo-Climatic Factors |
| title_sort | mycotoxins phytoestrogens and other secondary metabolites in austrian pastures occurrences contamination levels and implications of geo climatic factors |
| topic | pasture mycotoxin fungal metabolite phytoestrogen cyanogenic glucoside ergot alkaloid |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/7/460 |
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