The Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the Strictosidine Synthase-like Family in Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.)
Maize is often subjected to various environmental stresses. The strictosidine synthase-like (SSL) family is thought to catalyze the key step in the monoterpene alkaloids synthesis pathway in response to environmental stresses. However, the role of <i>ZmSSL</i> genes in maize growth and d...
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/19/14733 |
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| author | Lei Gu Yongyan Cao Xuanxuan Chen Hongcheng Wang Bin Zhu Xuye Du Yiyue Sun |
| author_facet | Lei Gu Yongyan Cao Xuanxuan Chen Hongcheng Wang Bin Zhu Xuye Du Yiyue Sun |
| author_sort | Lei Gu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Maize is often subjected to various environmental stresses. The strictosidine synthase-like (SSL) family is thought to catalyze the key step in the monoterpene alkaloids synthesis pathway in response to environmental stresses. However, the role of <i>ZmSSL</i> genes in maize growth and development and its response to stresses is unknown. Herein, we undertook the systematic identification and analysis of maize <i>SSL</i> genes. Twenty <i>SSL</i> genes were identified in the maize genome. Except for chromosomes 3, 5, 6, and 10, they were unevenly distributed on the remaining 6 chromosomes. A total of 105 <i>SSL</i> genes from maize, sorghum, rice, <i>Aegilops tauschii</i>, and Arabidopsis were divided into five evolutionary groups, and <i>ZmSSL</i> gene structures and conserved protein motifs in the same group were similar. A collinearity analysis showed that tandem duplication plays an important role in the evolution of the SSL family in maize, and <i>ZmSSL</i> genes share more collinear genes in crops (maize, sorghum, rice, and <i>Ae. tauschii</i>) than in Arabidopsis. <i>Cis</i>-element analysis in the <i>ZmSSL</i> gene promoter region revealed that most genes contained many development and stress response elements. We evaluated the expression levels of <i>ZmSSL</i> genes under normal conditions and stress treatments. <i>ZmSSL4–9</i> were widely expressed in different tissues and were positively or negatively regulated by heat, cold, and infection stress from <i>Colletotrichum graminicola</i> and <i>Cercospora zeina</i>. Moreover, ZmSSL4 and ZmSSL5 were localized in the chloroplast. Taken together, we provide insight into the evolutionary relationships of the <i>ZmSSL</i> genes, which would be useful to further identify the potential functions of <i>ZmSSLs</i> in maize. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-a5fbf3af000a44f5bc6af0523d70fc9f2023-11-19T14:30:53ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-09-0124191473310.3390/ijms241914733The Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the Strictosidine Synthase-like Family in Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.)Lei Gu0Yongyan Cao1Xuanxuan Chen2Hongcheng Wang3Bin Zhu4Xuye Du5Yiyue Sun6School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, ChinaMaize is often subjected to various environmental stresses. The strictosidine synthase-like (SSL) family is thought to catalyze the key step in the monoterpene alkaloids synthesis pathway in response to environmental stresses. However, the role of <i>ZmSSL</i> genes in maize growth and development and its response to stresses is unknown. Herein, we undertook the systematic identification and analysis of maize <i>SSL</i> genes. Twenty <i>SSL</i> genes were identified in the maize genome. Except for chromosomes 3, 5, 6, and 10, they were unevenly distributed on the remaining 6 chromosomes. A total of 105 <i>SSL</i> genes from maize, sorghum, rice, <i>Aegilops tauschii</i>, and Arabidopsis were divided into five evolutionary groups, and <i>ZmSSL</i> gene structures and conserved protein motifs in the same group were similar. A collinearity analysis showed that tandem duplication plays an important role in the evolution of the SSL family in maize, and <i>ZmSSL</i> genes share more collinear genes in crops (maize, sorghum, rice, and <i>Ae. tauschii</i>) than in Arabidopsis. <i>Cis</i>-element analysis in the <i>ZmSSL</i> gene promoter region revealed that most genes contained many development and stress response elements. We evaluated the expression levels of <i>ZmSSL</i> genes under normal conditions and stress treatments. <i>ZmSSL4–9</i> were widely expressed in different tissues and were positively or negatively regulated by heat, cold, and infection stress from <i>Colletotrichum graminicola</i> and <i>Cercospora zeina</i>. Moreover, ZmSSL4 and ZmSSL5 were localized in the chloroplast. Taken together, we provide insight into the evolutionary relationships of the <i>ZmSSL</i> genes, which would be useful to further identify the potential functions of <i>ZmSSLs</i> in maize.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/19/14733maizestrictosidine synthaseabiotic/biotic stressgenome-wide analysis |
| spellingShingle | Lei Gu Yongyan Cao Xuanxuan Chen Hongcheng Wang Bin Zhu Xuye Du Yiyue Sun The Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the Strictosidine Synthase-like Family in Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) International Journal of Molecular Sciences maize strictosidine synthase abiotic/biotic stress genome-wide analysis |
| title | The Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the Strictosidine Synthase-like Family in Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) |
| title_full | The Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the Strictosidine Synthase-like Family in Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) |
| title_fullStr | The Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the Strictosidine Synthase-like Family in Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the Strictosidine Synthase-like Family in Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) |
| title_short | The Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the Strictosidine Synthase-like Family in Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) |
| title_sort | genome wide identification characterization and expression analysis of the strictosidine synthase like family in maize i zea mays i l |
| topic | maize strictosidine synthase abiotic/biotic stress genome-wide analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/19/14733 |
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