Salient ingredients for direct water reclamation from treated municipal wastewater for potable reuse: Diepsloot Township case study
Across the world population growth, expansion of economic activities and climate change have become a concern for future water supply. To address the issue, many countries are investigating strategies to augment current water supplies. Water reclamation has been identified as a plausible sustainable...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1143367/full |
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| author | Lufuno Nemadodzi Lufuno Nemadodzi Keneiloe Sikhwivhilu Kalala Jalama Kapil Moothi Mokae Bambo Shingirirai Mutanga Shingirirai Mutanga John Siame |
| author_facet | Lufuno Nemadodzi Lufuno Nemadodzi Keneiloe Sikhwivhilu Kalala Jalama Kapil Moothi Mokae Bambo Shingirirai Mutanga Shingirirai Mutanga John Siame |
| author_sort | Lufuno Nemadodzi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Across the world population growth, expansion of economic activities and climate change have become a concern for future water supply. To address the issue, many countries are investigating strategies to augment current water supplies. Water reclamation has been identified as a plausible sustainable solution to meet potable water supply demand, in turn achieving SDG 6.3. This study identifies some of the critical success factors for consideration of municipal waste water reclamation. This was undertaken in the growing township of Diepsloot, in Johannesburg (South Africa). Diepsloot is densely populated with over 350,000 people as recorded in 2022. As a result, water shortages are common due to insufficient bulk water facilities to supply the area. A direct potable water reclamation plant from treated municipal wastewater has been proposed to augment the water supply. Aqueous Material Balance (AqMB)®, a process modelling simulator software for water treatment processes to predict water quality and quantity, was used to design and simulate the water reclamation plant process. Our findings show that, the quantity and quality of water, as well as the choice of treatment technology are key. The simulations treatment process proposed here-in indicated successful removal of the contaminants to acceptable SANS 241:2015 drinking water standards. The variation in seasonal feed data did not show any difference in the performance of the proposed process. Furthermore, the plant has the potential to provide 109 L/day of clean water per person for a population of 350,000. Therefore, direct potable water reclamation shows great potential to augment current water supply to support growing populations where natural water sources are scarce. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T09:50:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a610d8a80ae44413af867f2f709a44ee |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-665X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T09:50:57Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-a610d8a80ae44413af867f2f709a44ee2023-05-24T11:21:00ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Environmental Science2296-665X2023-05-011110.3389/fenvs.2023.11433671143367Salient ingredients for direct water reclamation from treated municipal wastewater for potable reuse: Diepsloot Township case studyLufuno Nemadodzi0Lufuno Nemadodzi1Keneiloe Sikhwivhilu2Kalala Jalama3Kapil Moothi4Mokae Bambo5Shingirirai Mutanga6Shingirirai Mutanga7John Siame8DSI/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Randburg, South AfricaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South AfricaDSI/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Randburg, South AfricaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South AfricaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South AfricaDSI/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Randburg, South AfricaDepartment of Quality Operations Management, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South AfricaCouncil for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Holistic Climate Change-Climate Services Group, Pretoria, South AfricaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, School of Mines and Mineral Sciences, Copper Belt University, Kitwe, ZambiaAcross the world population growth, expansion of economic activities and climate change have become a concern for future water supply. To address the issue, many countries are investigating strategies to augment current water supplies. Water reclamation has been identified as a plausible sustainable solution to meet potable water supply demand, in turn achieving SDG 6.3. This study identifies some of the critical success factors for consideration of municipal waste water reclamation. This was undertaken in the growing township of Diepsloot, in Johannesburg (South Africa). Diepsloot is densely populated with over 350,000 people as recorded in 2022. As a result, water shortages are common due to insufficient bulk water facilities to supply the area. A direct potable water reclamation plant from treated municipal wastewater has been proposed to augment the water supply. Aqueous Material Balance (AqMB)®, a process modelling simulator software for water treatment processes to predict water quality and quantity, was used to design and simulate the water reclamation plant process. Our findings show that, the quantity and quality of water, as well as the choice of treatment technology are key. The simulations treatment process proposed here-in indicated successful removal of the contaminants to acceptable SANS 241:2015 drinking water standards. The variation in seasonal feed data did not show any difference in the performance of the proposed process. Furthermore, the plant has the potential to provide 109 L/day of clean water per person for a population of 350,000. Therefore, direct potable water reclamation shows great potential to augment current water supply to support growing populations where natural water sources are scarce.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1143367/fulldirect water reclamationmunicipal wastewaterpotable reusewater qualityprocess simulation |
| spellingShingle | Lufuno Nemadodzi Lufuno Nemadodzi Keneiloe Sikhwivhilu Kalala Jalama Kapil Moothi Mokae Bambo Shingirirai Mutanga Shingirirai Mutanga John Siame Salient ingredients for direct water reclamation from treated municipal wastewater for potable reuse: Diepsloot Township case study Frontiers in Environmental Science direct water reclamation municipal wastewater potable reuse water quality process simulation |
| title | Salient ingredients for direct water reclamation from treated municipal wastewater for potable reuse: Diepsloot Township case study |
| title_full | Salient ingredients for direct water reclamation from treated municipal wastewater for potable reuse: Diepsloot Township case study |
| title_fullStr | Salient ingredients for direct water reclamation from treated municipal wastewater for potable reuse: Diepsloot Township case study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Salient ingredients for direct water reclamation from treated municipal wastewater for potable reuse: Diepsloot Township case study |
| title_short | Salient ingredients for direct water reclamation from treated municipal wastewater for potable reuse: Diepsloot Township case study |
| title_sort | salient ingredients for direct water reclamation from treated municipal wastewater for potable reuse diepsloot township case study |
| topic | direct water reclamation municipal wastewater potable reuse water quality process simulation |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1143367/full |
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