The Evolution of Rag Gene Enhancers and Transcription Factor E and Id Proteins in the Adaptive Immune System
Adaptive immunity relies on the V(D)J DNA recombination of immunoglobulin (<i>Ig</i>) and T cell receptor (<i>TCR</i>) genes, which enables the recognition of highly diverse antigens and the elicitation of antigen-specific immune responses. This process is mediated by recombi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/11/5888 |
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| author | Genki Yoshikawa Kazuko Miyazaki Hiroyuki Ogata Masaki Miyazaki |
| author_facet | Genki Yoshikawa Kazuko Miyazaki Hiroyuki Ogata Masaki Miyazaki |
| author_sort | Genki Yoshikawa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Adaptive immunity relies on the V(D)J DNA recombination of immunoglobulin (<i>Ig</i>) and T cell receptor (<i>TCR</i>) genes, which enables the recognition of highly diverse antigens and the elicitation of antigen-specific immune responses. This process is mediated by recombination-activating gene (Rag) 1 and Rag2 (Rag1/2), whose expression is strictly controlled in a cell type-specific manner; the expression of <i>Rag1/2</i> genes represents a hallmark of lymphoid lineage commitment. Although <i>Rag</i> genes are known to be evolutionally conserved among jawed vertebrates, how <i>Rag</i> genes are regulated by lineage-specific transcription factors (TFs) and how their regulatory system evolved among vertebrates have not been fully elucidated. Here, we reviewed the current body of knowledge concerning the cis-regulatory elements (CREs) of <i>Rag</i> genes and the evolution of the basic helix-loop-helix TF E protein regulating <i>Rag</i> gene CREs, as well as the evolution of the antagonist of this protein, the Id protein. This may help to understand how the adaptive immune system develops along with the evolution of responsible TFs and enhancers. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:51:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a622ef53f6274107ab425e21aad15436 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:51:54Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-a622ef53f6274107ab425e21aad154362023-11-21T22:09:16ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-05-012211588810.3390/ijms22115888The Evolution of Rag Gene Enhancers and Transcription Factor E and Id Proteins in the Adaptive Immune SystemGenki Yoshikawa0Kazuko Miyazaki1Hiroyuki Ogata2Masaki Miyazaki3Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, JapanLaboratory of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, JapanBioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, JapanLaboratory of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, JapanAdaptive immunity relies on the V(D)J DNA recombination of immunoglobulin (<i>Ig</i>) and T cell receptor (<i>TCR</i>) genes, which enables the recognition of highly diverse antigens and the elicitation of antigen-specific immune responses. This process is mediated by recombination-activating gene (Rag) 1 and Rag2 (Rag1/2), whose expression is strictly controlled in a cell type-specific manner; the expression of <i>Rag1/2</i> genes represents a hallmark of lymphoid lineage commitment. Although <i>Rag</i> genes are known to be evolutionally conserved among jawed vertebrates, how <i>Rag</i> genes are regulated by lineage-specific transcription factors (TFs) and how their regulatory system evolved among vertebrates have not been fully elucidated. Here, we reviewed the current body of knowledge concerning the cis-regulatory elements (CREs) of <i>Rag</i> genes and the evolution of the basic helix-loop-helix TF E protein regulating <i>Rag</i> gene CREs, as well as the evolution of the antagonist of this protein, the Id protein. This may help to understand how the adaptive immune system develops along with the evolution of responsible TFs and enhancers.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/11/5888adaptive immune systemRag1/2 gene enhancersE proteinId proteinbHLH transcription factorsT and B cell development |
| spellingShingle | Genki Yoshikawa Kazuko Miyazaki Hiroyuki Ogata Masaki Miyazaki The Evolution of Rag Gene Enhancers and Transcription Factor E and Id Proteins in the Adaptive Immune System International Journal of Molecular Sciences adaptive immune system Rag1/2 gene enhancers E protein Id protein bHLH transcription factors T and B cell development |
| title | The Evolution of Rag Gene Enhancers and Transcription Factor E and Id Proteins in the Adaptive Immune System |
| title_full | The Evolution of Rag Gene Enhancers and Transcription Factor E and Id Proteins in the Adaptive Immune System |
| title_fullStr | The Evolution of Rag Gene Enhancers and Transcription Factor E and Id Proteins in the Adaptive Immune System |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Evolution of Rag Gene Enhancers and Transcription Factor E and Id Proteins in the Adaptive Immune System |
| title_short | The Evolution of Rag Gene Enhancers and Transcription Factor E and Id Proteins in the Adaptive Immune System |
| title_sort | evolution of rag gene enhancers and transcription factor e and id proteins in the adaptive immune system |
| topic | adaptive immune system Rag1/2 gene enhancers E protein Id protein bHLH transcription factors T and B cell development |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/11/5888 |
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