The Influence of Gut Microbiota on Oxidative Stress and the Immune System
The human gastrointestinal tract is home to a complex microbial community that plays an important role in the general well-being of the entire organism. The gut microbiota generates a variety of metabolites and thereby regulates many biological processes, such as the regulation of the immune system....
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/5/1388 |
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| author | Claudia Kunst Stephan Schmid Marlen Michalski Deniz Tümen Jonas Buttenschön Martina Müller Karsten Gülow |
| author_facet | Claudia Kunst Stephan Schmid Marlen Michalski Deniz Tümen Jonas Buttenschön Martina Müller Karsten Gülow |
| author_sort | Claudia Kunst |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The human gastrointestinal tract is home to a complex microbial community that plays an important role in the general well-being of the entire organism. The gut microbiota generates a variety of metabolites and thereby regulates many biological processes, such as the regulation of the immune system. In the gut, bacteria are in direct contact with the host. The major challenge here is to prevent unwanted inflammatory reactions on one hand and on the other hand to ensure that the immune system can be activated when pathogens invade. Here the REDOX equilibrium is of utmost importance. This REDOX equilibrium is controlled by the microbiota either directly or indirectly via bacterial-derived metabolites. A balanced microbiome sorts for a stable REDOX balance, whereas dysbiosis destabilizes this equilibrium. An imbalanced REDOX status directly affects the immune system by disrupting intracellular signaling and promoting inflammatory responses. Here we (i) focus on the most common reactive oxygen species (ROS) and (ii) define the transition from a balanced REDOX state to oxidative stress. Further, we (iii) describe the role of ROS in regulating the immune system and inflammatory responses. Thereafter, we (iv) examine the influence of microbiota on REDOX homeostasis and how shifts in pro- and anti-oxidative cellular conditions can suppress or promote immune responses or inflammation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:54:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a64cc37c40d14a16a1c2e88ce0aceba0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:54:58Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-a64cc37c40d14a16a1c2e88ce0aceba02023-11-18T00:36:21ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592023-05-01115138810.3390/biomedicines11051388The Influence of Gut Microbiota on Oxidative Stress and the Immune SystemClaudia Kunst0Stephan Schmid1Marlen Michalski2Deniz Tümen3Jonas Buttenschön4Martina Müller5Karsten Gülow6Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Bavaria, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Bavaria, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Bavaria, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Bavaria, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Bavaria, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Bavaria, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Bavaria, GermanyThe human gastrointestinal tract is home to a complex microbial community that plays an important role in the general well-being of the entire organism. The gut microbiota generates a variety of metabolites and thereby regulates many biological processes, such as the regulation of the immune system. In the gut, bacteria are in direct contact with the host. The major challenge here is to prevent unwanted inflammatory reactions on one hand and on the other hand to ensure that the immune system can be activated when pathogens invade. Here the REDOX equilibrium is of utmost importance. This REDOX equilibrium is controlled by the microbiota either directly or indirectly via bacterial-derived metabolites. A balanced microbiome sorts for a stable REDOX balance, whereas dysbiosis destabilizes this equilibrium. An imbalanced REDOX status directly affects the immune system by disrupting intracellular signaling and promoting inflammatory responses. Here we (i) focus on the most common reactive oxygen species (ROS) and (ii) define the transition from a balanced REDOX state to oxidative stress. Further, we (iii) describe the role of ROS in regulating the immune system and inflammatory responses. Thereafter, we (iv) examine the influence of microbiota on REDOX homeostasis and how shifts in pro- and anti-oxidative cellular conditions can suppress or promote immune responses or inflammation.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/5/1388intestinemicrobiomereactive oxygen species (ROS)REDOXinflammationdysbiosis |
| spellingShingle | Claudia Kunst Stephan Schmid Marlen Michalski Deniz Tümen Jonas Buttenschön Martina Müller Karsten Gülow The Influence of Gut Microbiota on Oxidative Stress and the Immune System Biomedicines intestine microbiome reactive oxygen species (ROS) REDOX inflammation dysbiosis |
| title | The Influence of Gut Microbiota on Oxidative Stress and the Immune System |
| title_full | The Influence of Gut Microbiota on Oxidative Stress and the Immune System |
| title_fullStr | The Influence of Gut Microbiota on Oxidative Stress and the Immune System |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Influence of Gut Microbiota on Oxidative Stress and the Immune System |
| title_short | The Influence of Gut Microbiota on Oxidative Stress and the Immune System |
| title_sort | influence of gut microbiota on oxidative stress and the immune system |
| topic | intestine microbiome reactive oxygen species (ROS) REDOX inflammation dysbiosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/5/1388 |
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