Water Reuse: From Ancient to Modern Times and the Future
From the beginning of the Bronze Age (ca. 3200–1100 BC), domestic wastewater (sewage) has been used for irrigation and aquaculture by a number of civilizations including those that developed in China and the Orient, Egypt, the Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and Crete. In historic times (ca. 1000 BC−330...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2018-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00026/full |
| _version_ | 1811238645269528576 |
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| author | Andreas N. Angelakis Andreas N. Angelakis Takashi Asano Akissa Bahri Blanca E. Jimenez George Tchobanoglous |
| author_facet | Andreas N. Angelakis Andreas N. Angelakis Takashi Asano Akissa Bahri Blanca E. Jimenez George Tchobanoglous |
| author_sort | Andreas N. Angelakis |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | From the beginning of the Bronze Age (ca. 3200–1100 BC), domestic wastewater (sewage) has been used for irrigation and aquaculture by a number of civilizations including those that developed in China and the Orient, Egypt, the Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and Crete. In historic times (ca. 1000 BC−330 AD), wastewater was disposed of or used for irrigation and fertilization purposes by the Greek and later Roman civilizations, especially in areas surrounding important cities (e.g., Athens and Rome). In more recent times, the practice of land application of wastewater for disposal and agricultural use was utilized first in European cities and later in USA. Today, water reclamation and reuse projects are being planned and implemented throughout the world. Recycled water is now used for almost any purpose including potable use. This paper provides a brief overview of the evolution of water reuse over the last 5,000 years, along with current practice and recommendations for the future. Understanding the practices and solutions of the past, provides a lens with which to view the present and future. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T12:45:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a6659c75ac354cc0a5ebff87578a9546 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-665X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T12:45:15Z |
| publishDate | 2018-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-a6659c75ac354cc0a5ebff87578a95462022-12-22T03:32:38ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Environmental Science2296-665X2018-05-01610.3389/fenvs.2018.00026366552Water Reuse: From Ancient to Modern Times and the FutureAndreas N. Angelakis0Andreas N. Angelakis1Takashi Asano2Akissa Bahri3Blanca E. Jimenez4George Tchobanoglous5Hellenic Union of Municipal Enterprises for Water Supply and Sewerage, Larissa, GreeceDepartment of Water Resources, Institute of Crete, National Foundation for Agricultural Research, Iraklion, GreeceDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United StatesDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, Water and Forestry, National Agricultural Institute of Tunisia, Tunis, TunisiaDivision of Water Sciences, UNESCO, Paris, FranceDepartment of Civil and Environnemental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United StatesFrom the beginning of the Bronze Age (ca. 3200–1100 BC), domestic wastewater (sewage) has been used for irrigation and aquaculture by a number of civilizations including those that developed in China and the Orient, Egypt, the Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and Crete. In historic times (ca. 1000 BC−330 AD), wastewater was disposed of or used for irrigation and fertilization purposes by the Greek and later Roman civilizations, especially in areas surrounding important cities (e.g., Athens and Rome). In more recent times, the practice of land application of wastewater for disposal and agricultural use was utilized first in European cities and later in USA. Today, water reclamation and reuse projects are being planned and implemented throughout the world. Recycled water is now used for almost any purpose including potable use. This paper provides a brief overview of the evolution of water reuse over the last 5,000 years, along with current practice and recommendations for the future. Understanding the practices and solutions of the past, provides a lens with which to view the present and future.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00026/fullwater reuse historysewage farmswater reuse trends and challengeswater reuse criteriawater reuse categoriespotable reuse |
| spellingShingle | Andreas N. Angelakis Andreas N. Angelakis Takashi Asano Akissa Bahri Blanca E. Jimenez George Tchobanoglous Water Reuse: From Ancient to Modern Times and the Future Frontiers in Environmental Science water reuse history sewage farms water reuse trends and challenges water reuse criteria water reuse categories potable reuse |
| title | Water Reuse: From Ancient to Modern Times and the Future |
| title_full | Water Reuse: From Ancient to Modern Times and the Future |
| title_fullStr | Water Reuse: From Ancient to Modern Times and the Future |
| title_full_unstemmed | Water Reuse: From Ancient to Modern Times and the Future |
| title_short | Water Reuse: From Ancient to Modern Times and the Future |
| title_sort | water reuse from ancient to modern times and the future |
| topic | water reuse history sewage farms water reuse trends and challenges water reuse criteria water reuse categories potable reuse |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00026/full |
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