Antibiotic Susceptibility Surveillance in the Punjab Province of Pakistan: Findings and Implications
<i>Background and Objectives</i>: The increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across countries has seriously impacted the effective management of infectious diseases, with subsequent impact on morbidity, mortality and costs. This includes Pakistan. Antimicrobial surveillance activitie...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Medicina |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/7/1215 |
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| author | Zikria Saleem Abdul Haseeb Safa S. Almarzoky Abuhussain Catrin E. Moore Sairah Hafeez Kamran Muhammad Usman Qamar Aisha Azmat Giuseppe Pichierri Fahad Raees Shahzad Asghar Amna Saeed Afreenish Amir Furqan Khurshid Hashmi Johanna C. Meyer Israel Abebrese Sefah Inaam Ur Rehman Muhammad Umer Nadeem Brian Godman |
| author_facet | Zikria Saleem Abdul Haseeb Safa S. Almarzoky Abuhussain Catrin E. Moore Sairah Hafeez Kamran Muhammad Usman Qamar Aisha Azmat Giuseppe Pichierri Fahad Raees Shahzad Asghar Amna Saeed Afreenish Amir Furqan Khurshid Hashmi Johanna C. Meyer Israel Abebrese Sefah Inaam Ur Rehman Muhammad Umer Nadeem Brian Godman |
| author_sort | Zikria Saleem |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Background and Objectives</i>: The increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across countries has seriously impacted the effective management of infectious diseases, with subsequent impact on morbidity, mortality and costs. This includes Pakistan. Antimicrobial surveillance activities should be mandatory to continually assess the extent of multidrug-resistant bacteria and the implications for future empiric prescribing. The objective of this retrospective observational study was to monitor the susceptibility pattern of microbes in Pakistan. <i>Materials and Methods</i>: Clinical samples from seven laboratories in Punjab, Pakistan were collected between January 2018 and April 2019, with Punjab being the most populous province in Pakistan. The isolates were identified and their antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay and micro broth dilution methods. The antibiotics assessed were those typically prescribed in Pakistan. <i>Results</i>: In total, 2523 bacterial cultural reports were studied. The most frequently isolated pathogens were <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (866, 34.3%), followed by <i>Escherichia coli</i> (814, 32.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (454, 18.0%) and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (269, 10.7%). Most pathogens were isolated from pus (1464, 58.0%), followed by urine (718, 28.5%), blood (164, 6.5%) and sputum (81, 3.2%). <i>Conclusions</i>: The findings suggest that current antimicrobial options are severally restricted in Pakistan due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. This calls for urgent actions including initiating antimicrobial stewardship programs to enhance prudent prescribing of antibiotics. This includes agreeing on appropriate empiric therapy as part of agreed guidelines, in line with the WHO EML and AWaRe book, whilst awaiting culture reports. This is alongside other measures to reduce inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing and reverse the threat of rising AMR. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:51:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a666161647254ab78910baa0eff45c09 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1010-660X 1648-9144 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:51:03Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Medicina |
| spelling | doaj.art-a666161647254ab78910baa0eff45c092023-11-18T20:23:28ZengMDPI AGMedicina1010-660X1648-91442023-06-01597121510.3390/medicina59071215Antibiotic Susceptibility Surveillance in the Punjab Province of Pakistan: Findings and ImplicationsZikria Saleem0Abdul Haseeb1Safa S. Almarzoky Abuhussain2Catrin E. Moore3Sairah Hafeez Kamran4Muhammad Usman Qamar5Aisha Azmat6Giuseppe Pichierri7Fahad Raees8Shahzad Asghar9Amna Saeed10Afreenish Amir11Furqan Khurshid Hashmi12Johanna C. Meyer13Israel Abebrese Sefah14Inaam Ur Rehman15Muhammad Umer Nadeem16Brian Godman17Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi ArabiaCentre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, St. George’s University of London, London SW17 0RE, UKInstitute of Pharmacy, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, PakistanInstitute of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanDepartment of Physiology, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi ArabiaMicrobiology Department, Torbay and South Devon Foundation Trust, Lowes Bridge Torbay Hospital, Torquay TQ2 7AA, UKDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacy, University of South Asia, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule, Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Haripur 22620, PakistanDepartment of Microbiology, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, PakistanPunjab University College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South AfricaPharmacy Practice Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho PMB 31, GhanaPunjab University College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, PakistanPunjab University College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa<i>Background and Objectives</i>: The increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across countries has seriously impacted the effective management of infectious diseases, with subsequent impact on morbidity, mortality and costs. This includes Pakistan. Antimicrobial surveillance activities should be mandatory to continually assess the extent of multidrug-resistant bacteria and the implications for future empiric prescribing. The objective of this retrospective observational study was to monitor the susceptibility pattern of microbes in Pakistan. <i>Materials and Methods</i>: Clinical samples from seven laboratories in Punjab, Pakistan were collected between January 2018 and April 2019, with Punjab being the most populous province in Pakistan. The isolates were identified and their antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay and micro broth dilution methods. The antibiotics assessed were those typically prescribed in Pakistan. <i>Results</i>: In total, 2523 bacterial cultural reports were studied. The most frequently isolated pathogens were <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (866, 34.3%), followed by <i>Escherichia coli</i> (814, 32.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (454, 18.0%) and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (269, 10.7%). Most pathogens were isolated from pus (1464, 58.0%), followed by urine (718, 28.5%), blood (164, 6.5%) and sputum (81, 3.2%). <i>Conclusions</i>: The findings suggest that current antimicrobial options are severally restricted in Pakistan due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. This calls for urgent actions including initiating antimicrobial stewardship programs to enhance prudent prescribing of antibiotics. This includes agreeing on appropriate empiric therapy as part of agreed guidelines, in line with the WHO EML and AWaRe book, whilst awaiting culture reports. This is alongside other measures to reduce inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing and reverse the threat of rising AMR.https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/7/1215Pakistanculture and sensitivitysurveillancenational action plansantimicrobial stewardship programsaudits |
| spellingShingle | Zikria Saleem Abdul Haseeb Safa S. Almarzoky Abuhussain Catrin E. Moore Sairah Hafeez Kamran Muhammad Usman Qamar Aisha Azmat Giuseppe Pichierri Fahad Raees Shahzad Asghar Amna Saeed Afreenish Amir Furqan Khurshid Hashmi Johanna C. Meyer Israel Abebrese Sefah Inaam Ur Rehman Muhammad Umer Nadeem Brian Godman Antibiotic Susceptibility Surveillance in the Punjab Province of Pakistan: Findings and Implications Medicina Pakistan culture and sensitivity surveillance national action plans antimicrobial stewardship programs audits |
| title | Antibiotic Susceptibility Surveillance in the Punjab Province of Pakistan: Findings and Implications |
| title_full | Antibiotic Susceptibility Surveillance in the Punjab Province of Pakistan: Findings and Implications |
| title_fullStr | Antibiotic Susceptibility Surveillance in the Punjab Province of Pakistan: Findings and Implications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antibiotic Susceptibility Surveillance in the Punjab Province of Pakistan: Findings and Implications |
| title_short | Antibiotic Susceptibility Surveillance in the Punjab Province of Pakistan: Findings and Implications |
| title_sort | antibiotic susceptibility surveillance in the punjab province of pakistan findings and implications |
| topic | Pakistan culture and sensitivity surveillance national action plans antimicrobial stewardship programs audits |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/7/1215 |
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