Summary: | There is an ongoing search for alternative treatments for <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infections. The aim of the study was to investigate the antibacterial and antibiotic activity of bee products against <i>C. difficile</i> strains with different polymerase chain reaction ribotypes (RTs). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) of Manuka honey 550+, goldenrod honey, pine honey, and bee bread were determined by the broth dilution method. <i>C. difficile</i> adhesion to HT-29, HT-29 MTX, and CCD 841 CoN cell lines was assessed. Biofilm was cultured in titration plates and visualized by confocal microscopy. The MICs of Manuka honey for <i>C. difficile</i> 630 and ATCC 9689 strains and control strain, M 120, were 6.25%, 6.25%, and 1.56% (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>), respectively; of goldenrod honey, 50%, 50%, and 12.5%, respectively; of pine honey, 25%, 25%, and 25%, respectively; and of bee bread, 100 mg/L, 50 mg/L, and 100 mg/L, respectively. Manuka honey (1%) increased adhesion of <i>C. difficile</i> RT176 strains, and one strain of RT023, to the CCD 841 cell line. Pine honey (1%) increased RT027 adhesion to the HT-29 cell line. Manuka honey, pine honey, and bee bread at subinhibitory concentrations increased the adhesion of <i>C. difficile</i>. Our research proved that bee products are active against the tested strains of <i>C. difficile.</i>
|