The Radio to GeV Afterglow of GRB 221009A
GRB 221009A ( z = 0.151) is one of the closest known long γ -ray bursts (GRBs). Its extreme brightness across all electromagnetic wavelengths provides an unprecedented opportunity to study a member of this still-mysterious class of transients in exquisite detail. We present multiwavelength observati...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal Letters |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acbfad |
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| author | Tanmoy Laskar Kate D. Alexander Raffaella Margutti Tarraneh Eftekhari Ryan Chornock Edo Berger Yvette Cendes Anne Duerr Daniel A. Perley Maria Edvige Ravasio Ryo Yamazaki Eliot H. Ayache Thomas Barclay Rodolfo Barniol Duran Shivani Bhandari Daniel Brethauer Collin T. Christy Deanne L. Coppejans Paul Duffell Wen-fai Fong Andreja Gomboc Cristiano Guidorzi Jamie A. Kennea Shiho Kobayashi Andrew Levan Andrei P. Lobanov Brian D. Metzger Eduardo Ros Genevieve Schroeder P. K. G. Williams |
| author_facet | Tanmoy Laskar Kate D. Alexander Raffaella Margutti Tarraneh Eftekhari Ryan Chornock Edo Berger Yvette Cendes Anne Duerr Daniel A. Perley Maria Edvige Ravasio Ryo Yamazaki Eliot H. Ayache Thomas Barclay Rodolfo Barniol Duran Shivani Bhandari Daniel Brethauer Collin T. Christy Deanne L. Coppejans Paul Duffell Wen-fai Fong Andreja Gomboc Cristiano Guidorzi Jamie A. Kennea Shiho Kobayashi Andrew Levan Andrei P. Lobanov Brian D. Metzger Eduardo Ros Genevieve Schroeder P. K. G. Williams |
| author_sort | Tanmoy Laskar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | GRB 221009A ( z = 0.151) is one of the closest known long γ -ray bursts (GRBs). Its extreme brightness across all electromagnetic wavelengths provides an unprecedented opportunity to study a member of this still-mysterious class of transients in exquisite detail. We present multiwavelength observations of this extraordinary event, spanning 15 orders of magnitude in photon energy from radio to γ -rays. We find that the data can be partially explained by a forward shock (FS) from a highly collimated relativistic jet interacting with a low-density, wind-like medium. Under this model, the jet’s beaming-corrected kinetic energy ( E _K ∼ 4 × 10 ^50 erg) is typical for the GRB population. The radio and millimeter data provide strong limiting constraints on the FS model, but require the presence of an additional emission component. From equipartition arguments, we find that the radio emission is likely produced by a small amount of mass (≲6 × 10 ^−7 M _⊙ ) moving relativistically (Γ ≳ 9) with a large kinetic energy (≳10 ^49 erg). However, the temporal evolution of this component does not follow prescriptions for synchrotron radiation from a single power-law distribution of electrons (e.g., in a reverse shock or two-component jet), or a thermal-electron population, perhaps suggesting that one of the standard assumptions of afterglow theory is violated. GRB 221009A will likely remain detectable with radio telescopes for years to come, providing a valuable opportunity to track the full lifecycle of a powerful relativistic jet. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:17:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a685bea0c1264ca0ba1b4cab5853f084 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2041-8205 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:17:14Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal Letters |
| spelling | doaj.art-a685bea0c1264ca0ba1b4cab5853f0842023-09-03T14:08:23ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal Letters2041-82052023-01-019461L2310.3847/2041-8213/acbfadThe Radio to GeV Afterglow of GRB 221009ATanmoy Laskar0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1792-2338Kate D. Alexander1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8297-2473Raffaella Margutti2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4768-7586Tarraneh Eftekhari3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-9984Ryan Chornock4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7706-5668Edo Berger5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9392-9681Yvette Cendes6https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7007-6295Anne Duerr7https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-4119Daniel A. Perley8https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8472-1996Maria Edvige Ravasio9https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3193-4714Ryo Yamazaki10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1251-7889Eliot H. Ayache11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8225-5431Thomas Barclay12https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7139-2724Rodolfo Barniol Duran13https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-4824Shivani Bhandari14https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3460-506XDaniel Brethauer15https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6415-0903Collin T. Christy16https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0528-202XDeanne L. Coppejans17https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5126-6237Paul Duffell18https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7626-9629Wen-fai Fong19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-935XAndreja Gomboc20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0908-914XCristiano Guidorzi21https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6869-0835Jamie A. Kennea22https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6745-4790Shiho Kobayashi23https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7946-4200Andrew Levan24https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7821-9369Andrei P. Lobanov25https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1622-1484Brian D. Metzger26https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4670-7509Eduardo Ros27https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9503-4892Genevieve Schroeder28https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9915-8147P. K. G. Williams29https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3734-3587Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Astronomy/ Steward Observatory , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Rm. N204, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USADepartment of Astronomy and Physics, University of California , 501 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3112, USA; Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics , 1800 Sherman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60201, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of California , 501 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , Cambridge, MA 02138, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USAAstrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University , IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UKDepartment of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; INAF–Astronomical Observatory of Brera , via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate, ItalyDepartment of Physical Sciences, Aoyama Gakuin University , 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan; Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University , 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, JapanThe Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University , AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, SwedenNASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; University of Maryland , Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Cir, Baltimore, MD 21250, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, California State University , 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA 95819-6041 USAASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy , Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands; Joint institute for VLBI ERIC , Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands; Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; CSIRO , Space and Astronomy, P.O. Box 76, Epping, NSW 1710 AustraliaDepartment of Astronomy, University of California , 501 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USADepartment of Astronomy/ Steward Observatory , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Rm. N204, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USADepartment of Physics, University of Warwick , Coventry, CV4 7AL, UKDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University , 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3112, USA; Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics , 1800 Sherman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60201, USACenter for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica , Vipavska 11c, 5270 Ajdovščina, SloveniaDepartment of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara , Via Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy; INFN—Sezione di Ferrara , Via Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy; INAF—Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University , 525 Davey Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USAAstrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University , IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UKDepartment of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyDepartment of Physics and Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University , Pupin Hall, New York, NY 10027, USA; Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute , 162 5th Ave, New York, NY 10010, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3112, USA; Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics , 1800 Sherman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60201, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , Cambridge, MA 02138, USAGRB 221009A ( z = 0.151) is one of the closest known long γ -ray bursts (GRBs). Its extreme brightness across all electromagnetic wavelengths provides an unprecedented opportunity to study a member of this still-mysterious class of transients in exquisite detail. We present multiwavelength observations of this extraordinary event, spanning 15 orders of magnitude in photon energy from radio to γ -rays. We find that the data can be partially explained by a forward shock (FS) from a highly collimated relativistic jet interacting with a low-density, wind-like medium. Under this model, the jet’s beaming-corrected kinetic energy ( E _K ∼ 4 × 10 ^50 erg) is typical for the GRB population. The radio and millimeter data provide strong limiting constraints on the FS model, but require the presence of an additional emission component. From equipartition arguments, we find that the radio emission is likely produced by a small amount of mass (≲6 × 10 ^−7 M _⊙ ) moving relativistically (Γ ≳ 9) with a large kinetic energy (≳10 ^49 erg). However, the temporal evolution of this component does not follow prescriptions for synchrotron radiation from a single power-law distribution of electrons (e.g., in a reverse shock or two-component jet), or a thermal-electron population, perhaps suggesting that one of the standard assumptions of afterglow theory is violated. GRB 221009A will likely remain detectable with radio telescopes for years to come, providing a valuable opportunity to track the full lifecycle of a powerful relativistic jet.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acbfadHigh energy astrophysicsGamma-ray bursts |
| spellingShingle | Tanmoy Laskar Kate D. Alexander Raffaella Margutti Tarraneh Eftekhari Ryan Chornock Edo Berger Yvette Cendes Anne Duerr Daniel A. Perley Maria Edvige Ravasio Ryo Yamazaki Eliot H. Ayache Thomas Barclay Rodolfo Barniol Duran Shivani Bhandari Daniel Brethauer Collin T. Christy Deanne L. Coppejans Paul Duffell Wen-fai Fong Andreja Gomboc Cristiano Guidorzi Jamie A. Kennea Shiho Kobayashi Andrew Levan Andrei P. Lobanov Brian D. Metzger Eduardo Ros Genevieve Schroeder P. K. G. Williams The Radio to GeV Afterglow of GRB 221009A The Astrophysical Journal Letters High energy astrophysics Gamma-ray bursts |
| title | The Radio to GeV Afterglow of GRB 221009A |
| title_full | The Radio to GeV Afterglow of GRB 221009A |
| title_fullStr | The Radio to GeV Afterglow of GRB 221009A |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Radio to GeV Afterglow of GRB 221009A |
| title_short | The Radio to GeV Afterglow of GRB 221009A |
| title_sort | radio to gev afterglow of grb 221009a |
| topic | High energy astrophysics Gamma-ray bursts |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acbfad |
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