Effect of Vitamin C and Protein Supplementation on Plasma Nitrate and Nitrite Response following Consumption of Beetroot Juice
Beetroot juice is a food high in nitrate and is associated with cardiometabolic health benefits and enhanced exercise performance through the production of nitric oxide in the nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide pathway. Since various food components influence this pathway, the aim of this trial was to stu...
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/9/1880 |
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| author | Gary D. Miller Beverly A. Nesbit Daniel B. Kim-Shapiro Swati Basu Michael J. Berry |
| author_facet | Gary D. Miller Beverly A. Nesbit Daniel B. Kim-Shapiro Swati Basu Michael J. Berry |
| author_sort | Gary D. Miller |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Beetroot juice is a food high in nitrate and is associated with cardiometabolic health benefits and enhanced exercise performance through the production of nitric oxide in the nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide pathway. Since various food components influence this pathway, the aim of this trial was to study the effect of beetroot juice alone and in conjunction with vitamin C or protein on the acute response to plasma nitrate and nitrite levels in healthy middle- to older-aged adults. In this cross-over trial, each participant received, in a randomized order, a single dose of Beet It Sport<sup>®</sup> alone; Beet It Sport<sup>®</sup>, plus a 200 mg vitamin C supplement; and Beet It Sport<sup>®</sup> plus 15 g of whey protein. Plasma levels of nitrate and nitrite were determined prior to and at 1 and 3 h after intervention. Log plasma nitrate and nitrite was calculated to obtain data that were normally distributed, and these data were analyzed using two-way within-factors ANOVA, with time and treatment as the independent factors. There were no statistically significant differences for log plasma nitrate (<i>p</i> = 0.308) or log plasma nitrite (<i>p</i> = 0.391) values across treatments. Log plasma nitrate increased significantly from pre-consumption levels after 1 h (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and 3 h (<i>p</i> < 0.001), but plasma nitrate was lower at 3 h than 1 h (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Log plasma nitrite increased from pre to 1 h (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and 3 h (<i>p</i> < 0.001) with log values at 3 h higher than at 1 h (<i>p</i> = 0.003). In this cohort, we observed no differences in log plasma nitrate and nitrite at 1 h and 3 h after co-ingesting beetroot juice with vitamin C or a whey protein supplement compared to beetroot juice alone. Further research needs to be undertaken to expand the blood-sampling time-frame and to examine factors that may influence the kinetics of the plasma nitrate to nitrite efficacy, such as differences in fluid volume and osmolarity between treatments employed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:49:58Z |
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| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:49:58Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-a6b4020473a647bd963346fc1e298cfd2023-11-23T08:59:43ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432022-04-01149188010.3390/nu14091880Effect of Vitamin C and Protein Supplementation on Plasma Nitrate and Nitrite Response following Consumption of Beetroot JuiceGary D. Miller0Beverly A. Nesbit1Daniel B. Kim-Shapiro2Swati Basu3Michael J. Berry4Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USATranslational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USATranslational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USATranslational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USADepartment of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USABeetroot juice is a food high in nitrate and is associated with cardiometabolic health benefits and enhanced exercise performance through the production of nitric oxide in the nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide pathway. Since various food components influence this pathway, the aim of this trial was to study the effect of beetroot juice alone and in conjunction with vitamin C or protein on the acute response to plasma nitrate and nitrite levels in healthy middle- to older-aged adults. In this cross-over trial, each participant received, in a randomized order, a single dose of Beet It Sport<sup>®</sup> alone; Beet It Sport<sup>®</sup>, plus a 200 mg vitamin C supplement; and Beet It Sport<sup>®</sup> plus 15 g of whey protein. Plasma levels of nitrate and nitrite were determined prior to and at 1 and 3 h after intervention. Log plasma nitrate and nitrite was calculated to obtain data that were normally distributed, and these data were analyzed using two-way within-factors ANOVA, with time and treatment as the independent factors. There were no statistically significant differences for log plasma nitrate (<i>p</i> = 0.308) or log plasma nitrite (<i>p</i> = 0.391) values across treatments. Log plasma nitrate increased significantly from pre-consumption levels after 1 h (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and 3 h (<i>p</i> < 0.001), but plasma nitrate was lower at 3 h than 1 h (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Log plasma nitrite increased from pre to 1 h (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and 3 h (<i>p</i> < 0.001) with log values at 3 h higher than at 1 h (<i>p</i> = 0.003). In this cohort, we observed no differences in log plasma nitrate and nitrite at 1 h and 3 h after co-ingesting beetroot juice with vitamin C or a whey protein supplement compared to beetroot juice alone. Further research needs to be undertaken to expand the blood-sampling time-frame and to examine factors that may influence the kinetics of the plasma nitrate to nitrite efficacy, such as differences in fluid volume and osmolarity between treatments employed.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/9/1880nitratenitritenitric oxidebeetroot juicevitamin C |
| spellingShingle | Gary D. Miller Beverly A. Nesbit Daniel B. Kim-Shapiro Swati Basu Michael J. Berry Effect of Vitamin C and Protein Supplementation on Plasma Nitrate and Nitrite Response following Consumption of Beetroot Juice Nutrients nitrate nitrite nitric oxide beetroot juice vitamin C |
| title | Effect of Vitamin C and Protein Supplementation on Plasma Nitrate and Nitrite Response following Consumption of Beetroot Juice |
| title_full | Effect of Vitamin C and Protein Supplementation on Plasma Nitrate and Nitrite Response following Consumption of Beetroot Juice |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Vitamin C and Protein Supplementation on Plasma Nitrate and Nitrite Response following Consumption of Beetroot Juice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Vitamin C and Protein Supplementation on Plasma Nitrate and Nitrite Response following Consumption of Beetroot Juice |
| title_short | Effect of Vitamin C and Protein Supplementation on Plasma Nitrate and Nitrite Response following Consumption of Beetroot Juice |
| title_sort | effect of vitamin c and protein supplementation on plasma nitrate and nitrite response following consumption of beetroot juice |
| topic | nitrate nitrite nitric oxide beetroot juice vitamin C |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/9/1880 |
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