An Energy-Efficient LoRa Multi-Hop Protocol through Preamble Sampling for Remote Sensing
Internet of Things technologies open up new applications for remote monitoring of forests, fields, etc. These networks require autonomous operation: combining ultra-long-range connectivity with low energy consumption. While typical low-power wide-area networks offer long-range characteristics, they...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/11/4994 |
| _version_ | 1797596783733374976 |
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| author | Guus Leenders Gilles Callebaut Geoffrey Ottoy Liesbet Van der Perre Lieven De Strycker |
| author_facet | Guus Leenders Gilles Callebaut Geoffrey Ottoy Liesbet Van der Perre Lieven De Strycker |
| author_sort | Guus Leenders |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Internet of Things technologies open up new applications for remote monitoring of forests, fields, etc. These networks require autonomous operation: combining ultra-long-range connectivity with low energy consumption. While typical low-power wide-area networks offer long-range characteristics, they fall short in providing coverage for environmental tracking in ultra-remote areas spanning hundreds of square kilometers. This paper presents a multi-hop protocol to extend the sensor’s range, whilst still enabling low-power operation: maximizing sleep time by employing prolonged preamble sampling, and minimizing the transmit energy per actual payload bit through forwarded data aggregation. Real-life experiments, as well as large-scale simulations, prove the capabilities of the proposed multi-hop network protocol. By employing prolonged preamble sampling a node’s lifespan can be increased to up to 4 years when transmitting packages every 6 h, a significant improvement compared to only 2 days when continuously listening for incoming packages. By aggregating forwarded data, a node is able to further reduce its energy consumption by up to 61%. The reliability of the network is proven: 90% of nodes achieve a packet delivery ratio of at least 70%. The employed hardware platform, network protocol stack and simulation framework for optimization are released in open access. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:57:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a6b7af4082e241c08ac1fc37fbf771d5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:57:55Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-a6b7af4082e241c08ac1fc37fbf771d52023-11-18T08:31:04ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-05-012311499410.3390/s23114994An Energy-Efficient LoRa Multi-Hop Protocol through Preamble Sampling for Remote SensingGuus Leenders0Gilles Callebaut1Geoffrey Ottoy2Liesbet Van der Perre3Lieven De Strycker4Dramco, ESAT-WaveCore, KU Leuven, 9000 Ghent, BelgiumDramco, ESAT-WaveCore, KU Leuven, 9000 Ghent, BelgiumDramco, ESAT-WaveCore, KU Leuven, 9000 Ghent, BelgiumDramco, ESAT-WaveCore, KU Leuven, 9000 Ghent, BelgiumDramco, ESAT-WaveCore, KU Leuven, 9000 Ghent, BelgiumInternet of Things technologies open up new applications for remote monitoring of forests, fields, etc. These networks require autonomous operation: combining ultra-long-range connectivity with low energy consumption. While typical low-power wide-area networks offer long-range characteristics, they fall short in providing coverage for environmental tracking in ultra-remote areas spanning hundreds of square kilometers. This paper presents a multi-hop protocol to extend the sensor’s range, whilst still enabling low-power operation: maximizing sleep time by employing prolonged preamble sampling, and minimizing the transmit energy per actual payload bit through forwarded data aggregation. Real-life experiments, as well as large-scale simulations, prove the capabilities of the proposed multi-hop network protocol. By employing prolonged preamble sampling a node’s lifespan can be increased to up to 4 years when transmitting packages every 6 h, a significant improvement compared to only 2 days when continuously listening for incoming packages. By aggregating forwarded data, a node is able to further reduce its energy consumption by up to 61%. The reliability of the network is proven: 90% of nodes achieve a packet delivery ratio of at least 70%. The employed hardware platform, network protocol stack and simulation framework for optimization are released in open access.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/11/4994energy efficiencyIoTLoRamulti-hop |
| spellingShingle | Guus Leenders Gilles Callebaut Geoffrey Ottoy Liesbet Van der Perre Lieven De Strycker An Energy-Efficient LoRa Multi-Hop Protocol through Preamble Sampling for Remote Sensing Sensors energy efficiency IoT LoRa multi-hop |
| title | An Energy-Efficient LoRa Multi-Hop Protocol through Preamble Sampling for Remote Sensing |
| title_full | An Energy-Efficient LoRa Multi-Hop Protocol through Preamble Sampling for Remote Sensing |
| title_fullStr | An Energy-Efficient LoRa Multi-Hop Protocol through Preamble Sampling for Remote Sensing |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Energy-Efficient LoRa Multi-Hop Protocol through Preamble Sampling for Remote Sensing |
| title_short | An Energy-Efficient LoRa Multi-Hop Protocol through Preamble Sampling for Remote Sensing |
| title_sort | energy efficient lora multi hop protocol through preamble sampling for remote sensing |
| topic | energy efficiency IoT LoRa multi-hop |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/11/4994 |
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