Immune-Enhancing Effects of Red <i>Platycodon grandiflorus</i> Root Extract via p38 MAPK-Mediated NF-κB Activation
<i>Platycodon</i><i>grandiflorus</i> (PG) root extract has been widely used as an oriental herbal medicine. Red PG root extract (RPGE), which is made by steaming and drying PG several times, contains more saponin than raw (white) PG. Although RPGE has been known to have anti-...
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MDPI AG
2020-08-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/16/5457 |
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| author | Eun-Jung Park You-Suk Lee Sung Min Kim Ah Jin Jung Jeong-Hyun Yoo Sung-Hyen Lee Hyun Cheol Jeong Hae-Jeung Lee |
| author_facet | Eun-Jung Park You-Suk Lee Sung Min Kim Ah Jin Jung Jeong-Hyun Yoo Sung-Hyen Lee Hyun Cheol Jeong Hae-Jeung Lee |
| author_sort | Eun-Jung Park |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Platycodon</i><i>grandiflorus</i> (PG) root extract has been widely used as an oriental herbal medicine. Red PG root extract (RPGE), which is made by steaming and drying PG several times, contains more saponin than raw (white) PG. Although RPGE has been known to have anti-inflammatory activity, the effects of RPGE on the immune-enhancing response remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the immune-enhancing effects of RPGE and its mechanism in macrophage cells and splenocytes. Our results revealed that cell proliferation of both macrophages and splenocytes correlate positively with the concentration of RPGE. Moreover, RPGE treatment increased the phagocytic activity of macrophage cells, as well as nitric oxide and cytokines production. Furthermore, RPGE induced phosphorylation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, which contributed to nuclear factor-kappa B activation. Thus, our findings suggest that RPGE may be a potential functional food for improving immune function. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:50:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a6cddc38d20540309a613d732894a75d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:50:08Z |
| publishDate | 2020-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-a6cddc38d20540309a613d732894a75d2023-11-20T09:23:04ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172020-08-011016545710.3390/app10165457Immune-Enhancing Effects of Red <i>Platycodon grandiflorus</i> Root Extract via p38 MAPK-Mediated NF-κB ActivationEun-Jung Park0You-Suk Lee1Sung Min Kim2Ah Jin Jung3Jeong-Hyun Yoo4Sung-Hyen Lee5Hyun Cheol Jeong6Hae-Jeung Lee7Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, KoreaDepartment of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, KoreaDepartment of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, KoreaInstitute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, KoreaInstitute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, KoreaNational Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Department Administration, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55365, KoreaFood R&D Center, SK Bioland Co., Ltd., Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 13120, KoreaDepartment of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea<i>Platycodon</i><i>grandiflorus</i> (PG) root extract has been widely used as an oriental herbal medicine. Red PG root extract (RPGE), which is made by steaming and drying PG several times, contains more saponin than raw (white) PG. Although RPGE has been known to have anti-inflammatory activity, the effects of RPGE on the immune-enhancing response remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the immune-enhancing effects of RPGE and its mechanism in macrophage cells and splenocytes. Our results revealed that cell proliferation of both macrophages and splenocytes correlate positively with the concentration of RPGE. Moreover, RPGE treatment increased the phagocytic activity of macrophage cells, as well as nitric oxide and cytokines production. Furthermore, RPGE induced phosphorylation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, which contributed to nuclear factor-kappa B activation. Thus, our findings suggest that RPGE may be a potential functional food for improving immune function.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/16/5457red <i>platycodon grandiflorus</i> root extractimmune-enhancing effectp38 MAPKNF-κB |
| spellingShingle | Eun-Jung Park You-Suk Lee Sung Min Kim Ah Jin Jung Jeong-Hyun Yoo Sung-Hyen Lee Hyun Cheol Jeong Hae-Jeung Lee Immune-Enhancing Effects of Red <i>Platycodon grandiflorus</i> Root Extract via p38 MAPK-Mediated NF-κB Activation Applied Sciences red <i>platycodon grandiflorus</i> root extract immune-enhancing effect p38 MAPK NF-κB |
| title | Immune-Enhancing Effects of Red <i>Platycodon grandiflorus</i> Root Extract via p38 MAPK-Mediated NF-κB Activation |
| title_full | Immune-Enhancing Effects of Red <i>Platycodon grandiflorus</i> Root Extract via p38 MAPK-Mediated NF-κB Activation |
| title_fullStr | Immune-Enhancing Effects of Red <i>Platycodon grandiflorus</i> Root Extract via p38 MAPK-Mediated NF-κB Activation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immune-Enhancing Effects of Red <i>Platycodon grandiflorus</i> Root Extract via p38 MAPK-Mediated NF-κB Activation |
| title_short | Immune-Enhancing Effects of Red <i>Platycodon grandiflorus</i> Root Extract via p38 MAPK-Mediated NF-κB Activation |
| title_sort | immune enhancing effects of red i platycodon grandiflorus i root extract via p38 mapk mediated nf κb activation |
| topic | red <i>platycodon grandiflorus</i> root extract immune-enhancing effect p38 MAPK NF-κB |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/16/5457 |
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