Compound K Inhibits the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Raw 264.7 Cell Line and Zebrafish
Compound K, a major metabolite of ginsenosides Rb1, which is produced by human intestinal bacteria after oral administration, is one of the main pharmacologic compounds found in ginseng. In our previous study, we demonstrated that compound K inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostagl...
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MDPI AG
2018-06-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/8/6/924 |
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| author | Su-Jung Ryu Jia Choi Jong-Seok Lee Hyeon-Son Choi Kye-Yoon Yoon Ji-Hyun Hwang Kui Jin Kim Boo-Yong Lee |
| author_facet | Su-Jung Ryu Jia Choi Jong-Seok Lee Hyeon-Son Choi Kye-Yoon Yoon Ji-Hyun Hwang Kui Jin Kim Boo-Yong Lee |
| author_sort | Su-Jung Ryu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Compound K, a major metabolite of ginsenosides Rb1, which is produced by human intestinal bacteria after oral administration, is one of the main pharmacologic compounds found in ginseng. In our previous study, we demonstrated that compound K inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells. However, the mechanisms by which compound K may be effective against inflammation remain unknown. In the present study, compound K significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production by suppression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Compound K also inhibited LPS-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. It effectively suppressed both the release and mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6. The anti-inflammatory effects of compound K appeared to occur via inhibition of LPS-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and inhibition of NF-κB translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus by suppressing phosphorylation of inhibitory kappa B-α (IκB-α). Furthermore, we showed that compound K inhibited LPS-induced NO generation in an experimental zebrafish model. Considering these results, compound K could potentially be developed as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T19:53:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a6ce690cc1bf48598bb589a14aac8ed5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T19:53:33Z |
| publishDate | 2018-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-a6ce690cc1bf48598bb589a14aac8ed52022-12-22T03:18:45ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172018-06-018692410.3390/app8060924app8060924Compound K Inhibits the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Raw 264.7 Cell Line and ZebrafishSu-Jung Ryu0Jia Choi1Jong-Seok Lee2Hyeon-Son Choi3Kye-Yoon Yoon4Ji-Hyun Hwang5Kui Jin Kim6Boo-Yong Lee7Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyonggi 463-400, KoreaDepartment of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyonggi 463-400, KoreaNational Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 404-170, KoreaDepartment of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women’s University 621, Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01797, KoreaDepartment of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyonggi 463-400, KoreaDepartment of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyonggi 463-400, KoreaDepartment of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyonggi 463-400, KoreaDepartment of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyonggi 463-400, KoreaCompound K, a major metabolite of ginsenosides Rb1, which is produced by human intestinal bacteria after oral administration, is one of the main pharmacologic compounds found in ginseng. In our previous study, we demonstrated that compound K inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells. However, the mechanisms by which compound K may be effective against inflammation remain unknown. In the present study, compound K significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production by suppression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Compound K also inhibited LPS-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. It effectively suppressed both the release and mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6. The anti-inflammatory effects of compound K appeared to occur via inhibition of LPS-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and inhibition of NF-κB translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus by suppressing phosphorylation of inhibitory kappa B-α (IκB-α). Furthermore, we showed that compound K inhibited LPS-induced NO generation in an experimental zebrafish model. Considering these results, compound K could potentially be developed as a natural anti-inflammatory agent.http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/8/6/924compound KRAW264.7 cellzebrafishNF-κB(p-65)MAPK |
| spellingShingle | Su-Jung Ryu Jia Choi Jong-Seok Lee Hyeon-Son Choi Kye-Yoon Yoon Ji-Hyun Hwang Kui Jin Kim Boo-Yong Lee Compound K Inhibits the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Raw 264.7 Cell Line and Zebrafish Applied Sciences compound K RAW264.7 cell zebrafish NF-κB(p-65) MAPK |
| title | Compound K Inhibits the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Raw 264.7 Cell Line and Zebrafish |
| title_full | Compound K Inhibits the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Raw 264.7 Cell Line and Zebrafish |
| title_fullStr | Compound K Inhibits the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Raw 264.7 Cell Line and Zebrafish |
| title_full_unstemmed | Compound K Inhibits the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Raw 264.7 Cell Line and Zebrafish |
| title_short | Compound K Inhibits the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Raw 264.7 Cell Line and Zebrafish |
| title_sort | compound k inhibits the lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory responses in raw 264 7 cell line and zebrafish |
| topic | compound K RAW264.7 cell zebrafish NF-κB(p-65) MAPK |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/8/6/924 |
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