Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Bamboo Waste via Microwave-Assisted K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> Activation: Adsorption Optimization and Mechanism for Methylene Blue Dye
Bamboo waste (BW) was activated with a K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> precursor in a microwave process for the adsorption of MB dye from an aqueous solution. The prepared bamboo-waste-activated carbon (BWAC) was analyzed by instrumental techniques such as FTIR, SEM, and BET anal...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-11-01
|
| Series: | Separations |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/9/12/390 |
| _version_ | 1827636888593235968 |
|---|---|
| author | Khaizuran Fyrdaus Azlan Zahari Uttam Kumar Sahu Tumirah Khadiran Siti Norasmah Surip Zeid A. ALOthman Ali H. Jawad |
| author_facet | Khaizuran Fyrdaus Azlan Zahari Uttam Kumar Sahu Tumirah Khadiran Siti Norasmah Surip Zeid A. ALOthman Ali H. Jawad |
| author_sort | Khaizuran Fyrdaus Azlan Zahari |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bamboo waste (BW) was activated with a K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> precursor in a microwave process for the adsorption of MB dye from an aqueous solution. The prepared bamboo-waste-activated carbon (BWAC) was analyzed by instrumental techniques such as FTIR, SEM, and BET analysis. The surface of the BWAC was mesoporous with a surface area of 107.148 m<sup>2</sup>/g. The MB dye removal was optimized with the three variables of adsorbent dose, pH, and contact time using the Box–Behnken design (BBD) model. Up to 87% of MB was removed in the optimized conditions of adsorbent dose of 0.08 g/100 mL, pH of 7.62, time of 8 min, and concentration of 50 mg/L. Here, the most effective parameter for MB removal was found to be adsorbent dose with an F-value of 121.70, while time and pH showed a smaller effect. The maximum adsorption capacity of BWAC in the optimized conditions was found to be 85.6 mg/g. The adsorption of MB on BWAC’s surface was through chemisorption and a spontaneous process. The adsorption mechanism study showed that three types of interactions are responsible for the removal of MB dye from aqueous solutions by BWAC, i.e., electrostatic interactions, H-bonding, and pi–pi interactions. Hence, BWAC can be considered a highly efficient adsorbent for MB removal from wastewater. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:51:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a6e321b7952f463dbb785fe57d4855d8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2297-8739 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:51:48Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Separations |
| spelling | doaj.art-a6e321b7952f463dbb785fe57d4855d82023-11-24T17:59:17ZengMDPI AGSeparations2297-87392022-11-0191239010.3390/separations9120390Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Bamboo Waste via Microwave-Assisted K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> Activation: Adsorption Optimization and Mechanism for Methylene Blue DyeKhaizuran Fyrdaus Azlan Zahari0Uttam Kumar Sahu1Tumirah Khadiran2Siti Norasmah Surip3Zeid A. ALOthman4Ali H. Jawad5Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Basic Science & Humanities, Gandhi Institute of Engineering and Technology University, Gunupur 765022, IndiaForest Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong 52109, Selangor, MalaysiaFaculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, MalaysiaChemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaFaculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, MalaysiaBamboo waste (BW) was activated with a K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> precursor in a microwave process for the adsorption of MB dye from an aqueous solution. The prepared bamboo-waste-activated carbon (BWAC) was analyzed by instrumental techniques such as FTIR, SEM, and BET analysis. The surface of the BWAC was mesoporous with a surface area of 107.148 m<sup>2</sup>/g. The MB dye removal was optimized with the three variables of adsorbent dose, pH, and contact time using the Box–Behnken design (BBD) model. Up to 87% of MB was removed in the optimized conditions of adsorbent dose of 0.08 g/100 mL, pH of 7.62, time of 8 min, and concentration of 50 mg/L. Here, the most effective parameter for MB removal was found to be adsorbent dose with an F-value of 121.70, while time and pH showed a smaller effect. The maximum adsorption capacity of BWAC in the optimized conditions was found to be 85.6 mg/g. The adsorption of MB on BWAC’s surface was through chemisorption and a spontaneous process. The adsorption mechanism study showed that three types of interactions are responsible for the removal of MB dye from aqueous solutions by BWAC, i.e., electrostatic interactions, H-bonding, and pi–pi interactions. Hence, BWAC can be considered a highly efficient adsorbent for MB removal from wastewater.https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/9/12/390bamboo wastemicrowave activationBox–Behnken designdye removal |
| spellingShingle | Khaizuran Fyrdaus Azlan Zahari Uttam Kumar Sahu Tumirah Khadiran Siti Norasmah Surip Zeid A. ALOthman Ali H. Jawad Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Bamboo Waste via Microwave-Assisted K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> Activation: Adsorption Optimization and Mechanism for Methylene Blue Dye Separations bamboo waste microwave activation Box–Behnken design dye removal |
| title | Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Bamboo Waste via Microwave-Assisted K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> Activation: Adsorption Optimization and Mechanism for Methylene Blue Dye |
| title_full | Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Bamboo Waste via Microwave-Assisted K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> Activation: Adsorption Optimization and Mechanism for Methylene Blue Dye |
| title_fullStr | Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Bamboo Waste via Microwave-Assisted K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> Activation: Adsorption Optimization and Mechanism for Methylene Blue Dye |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Bamboo Waste via Microwave-Assisted K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> Activation: Adsorption Optimization and Mechanism for Methylene Blue Dye |
| title_short | Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Bamboo Waste via Microwave-Assisted K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> Activation: Adsorption Optimization and Mechanism for Methylene Blue Dye |
| title_sort | mesoporous activated carbon from bamboo waste via microwave assisted k sub 2 sub co sub 3 sub activation adsorption optimization and mechanism for methylene blue dye |
| topic | bamboo waste microwave activation Box–Behnken design dye removal |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/9/12/390 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT khaizuranfyrdausazlanzahari mesoporousactivatedcarbonfrombamboowasteviamicrowaveassistedksub2subcosub3subactivationadsorptionoptimizationandmechanismformethylenebluedye AT uttamkumarsahu mesoporousactivatedcarbonfrombamboowasteviamicrowaveassistedksub2subcosub3subactivationadsorptionoptimizationandmechanismformethylenebluedye AT tumirahkhadiran mesoporousactivatedcarbonfrombamboowasteviamicrowaveassistedksub2subcosub3subactivationadsorptionoptimizationandmechanismformethylenebluedye AT sitinorasmahsurip mesoporousactivatedcarbonfrombamboowasteviamicrowaveassistedksub2subcosub3subactivationadsorptionoptimizationandmechanismformethylenebluedye AT zeidaalothman mesoporousactivatedcarbonfrombamboowasteviamicrowaveassistedksub2subcosub3subactivationadsorptionoptimizationandmechanismformethylenebluedye AT alihjawad mesoporousactivatedcarbonfrombamboowasteviamicrowaveassistedksub2subcosub3subactivationadsorptionoptimizationandmechanismformethylenebluedye |