What Is Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) Resistance and What Are Its Food Safety Risks in Wheat? Problems and Solutions—A Review
The term “Fusarium Head Blight” (FHB) resistance supposedly covers common resistances to different <i>Fusarium</i> spp. without any generally accepted evidence. For food safety, all should be considered with their toxins, except for deoxynivalenol (DON). Disease index (DI), scabby kernel...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/16/1/31 |
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| author | Akos Mesterhazy |
| author_facet | Akos Mesterhazy |
| author_sort | Akos Mesterhazy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The term “Fusarium Head Blight” (FHB) resistance supposedly covers common resistances to different <i>Fusarium</i> spp. without any generally accepted evidence. For food safety, all should be considered with their toxins, except for deoxynivalenol (DON). Disease index (DI), scabby kernels (FDK), and DON steadily result from FHB, and even the genetic regulation of <i>Fusarium</i> spp. may differ; therefore, multitoxin contamination is common. The resistance types of FHB form a rather complex syndrome that has been the subject of debate for decades. It seems that resistance types are not independent variables but rather a series of components that follow disease and epidemic development; their genetic regulation may differ. Spraying inoculation (Type 1 resistance) includes the phase where spores land on palea and lemma and spread to the ovarium and also includes the spread-inhibiting resistance factor; therefore, it provides the overall resistance that is needed. A significant part of Type 1-resistant QTLs could, therefore, be Type 2, requiring the retesting of the QTLs; this is, at least, the case for the most effective ones. The updated resistance components are as follows: Component 1 is overall resistance, as discussed above; Component 2 includes spreading from the ovarium through the head, which is a part of Component 1; Component 3 includes factors from grain development to ripening (FDK); Component 4 includes factors influencing DON contamination, decrease, overproduction, and relative toxin resistance; and for Component 5, the tolerance has a low significance without new results. Independent QTLs with different functions can be identified for one or more traits. Resistance to different <i>Fusarium</i> spp. seems to be connected; it is species non-specific, but further research is necessary. Their toxin relations are unknown. DI, FDK, and DON should be checked as they serve as the basic data for the risk analysis of cultivars. A better understanding of the multitoxin risk is needed regarding resistance to the main <i>Fusarium</i> spp.; therefore, an updated testing methodology is suggested. This will provide more precise data for research, genetics, and variety registration. In winter and spring wheat, the existing resistance level is very high, close to Sumai 3, and provides much greater food safety combined with sophisticated fungicide preventive control and other practices in commercial production. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:33:39Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:33:39Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
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| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-a72909734dc0437a82df0bcaef21b9ba2024-01-26T18:42:26ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512024-01-011613110.3390/toxins16010031What Is Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) Resistance and What Are Its Food Safety Risks in Wheat? Problems and Solutions—A ReviewAkos Mesterhazy0Cereal Research Non-Profit Ltd., Alsokikotosor 9, 6726 Szeged, HungaryThe term “Fusarium Head Blight” (FHB) resistance supposedly covers common resistances to different <i>Fusarium</i> spp. without any generally accepted evidence. For food safety, all should be considered with their toxins, except for deoxynivalenol (DON). Disease index (DI), scabby kernels (FDK), and DON steadily result from FHB, and even the genetic regulation of <i>Fusarium</i> spp. may differ; therefore, multitoxin contamination is common. The resistance types of FHB form a rather complex syndrome that has been the subject of debate for decades. It seems that resistance types are not independent variables but rather a series of components that follow disease and epidemic development; their genetic regulation may differ. Spraying inoculation (Type 1 resistance) includes the phase where spores land on palea and lemma and spread to the ovarium and also includes the spread-inhibiting resistance factor; therefore, it provides the overall resistance that is needed. A significant part of Type 1-resistant QTLs could, therefore, be Type 2, requiring the retesting of the QTLs; this is, at least, the case for the most effective ones. The updated resistance components are as follows: Component 1 is overall resistance, as discussed above; Component 2 includes spreading from the ovarium through the head, which is a part of Component 1; Component 3 includes factors from grain development to ripening (FDK); Component 4 includes factors influencing DON contamination, decrease, overproduction, and relative toxin resistance; and for Component 5, the tolerance has a low significance without new results. Independent QTLs with different functions can be identified for one or more traits. Resistance to different <i>Fusarium</i> spp. seems to be connected; it is species non-specific, but further research is necessary. Their toxin relations are unknown. DI, FDK, and DON should be checked as they serve as the basic data for the risk analysis of cultivars. A better understanding of the multitoxin risk is needed regarding resistance to the main <i>Fusarium</i> spp.; therefore, an updated testing methodology is suggested. This will provide more precise data for research, genetics, and variety registration. In winter and spring wheat, the existing resistance level is very high, close to Sumai 3, and provides much greater food safety combined with sophisticated fungicide preventive control and other practices in commercial production.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/16/1/31fusarium head blightresistance componentscommon resistancemultitoxin contaminationfood safetyFHB variety registration |
| spellingShingle | Akos Mesterhazy What Is Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) Resistance and What Are Its Food Safety Risks in Wheat? Problems and Solutions—A Review Toxins fusarium head blight resistance components common resistance multitoxin contamination food safety FHB variety registration |
| title | What Is Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) Resistance and What Are Its Food Safety Risks in Wheat? Problems and Solutions—A Review |
| title_full | What Is Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) Resistance and What Are Its Food Safety Risks in Wheat? Problems and Solutions—A Review |
| title_fullStr | What Is Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) Resistance and What Are Its Food Safety Risks in Wheat? Problems and Solutions—A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | What Is Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) Resistance and What Are Its Food Safety Risks in Wheat? Problems and Solutions—A Review |
| title_short | What Is Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) Resistance and What Are Its Food Safety Risks in Wheat? Problems and Solutions—A Review |
| title_sort | what is fusarium head blight fhb resistance and what are its food safety risks in wheat problems and solutions a review |
| topic | fusarium head blight resistance components common resistance multitoxin contamination food safety FHB variety registration |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/16/1/31 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT akosmesterhazy whatisfusariumheadblightfhbresistanceandwhatareitsfoodsafetyrisksinwheatproblemsandsolutionsareview |