| Summary: | Two major diseases that affect grapevine leaves and berries are controlled by the oomycete <i>Pythium oligandrum</i>. As the efficacy of biocontrol agents strongly depends on factors such as the trophic behaviors of pathogens and cultivar susceptibility, a two-disease approach was implemented to evaluate the activity of <i>P. oligandrum</i> against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> (the necrotrophic fungus of gray mold) and <i>Plasmopara viticola</i> (the biotrophic oomycete of downy mildew) on two grapevine cultivars with different susceptibilities to these two pathogens. The results show that grapevine root inoculation with <i>P. oligandrum</i> significantly reduced <i>P. viticola</i> and <i>B. cinerea</i> infection on the leaves of the two cultivars, but with differences. This was observed when the relative expression of 10 genes was measured in response to each pathogen, and could be attributed to their lifestyles, i.e., biotrophic or necrotrophic, which are related to the activation of specific metabolic pathways of the plant. In response to <i>P. viticola</i> infection, genes from the jasmonate and ethylene pathways were mainly induced, whereas for <i>B. cinerea</i>, the genes induced were those of the ethylene–jasmonate pathway. The different levels of defense against <i>B. cinerea</i> and <i>P. viticola</i> could also explain the difference in cultivar susceptibility to these pathogens.
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