X-ray Activated Nanoplatforms for Deep Tissue Photodynamic Therapy
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), the use of light to excite photosensitive molecules whose electronic relaxation drives the production of highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), has proven an effective means of oncotherapy. However, its application has been severely constrained to superficial tis...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Nanomaterials |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/13/4/673 |
| _version_ | 1827756158062952448 |
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| author | Jeffrey S. Souris Lara Leoni Hannah J. Zhang Ariel Pan Eve Tanios Hsiu-Ming Tsai Irina V. Balyasnikova Marc Bissonnette Chin-Tu Chen |
| author_facet | Jeffrey S. Souris Lara Leoni Hannah J. Zhang Ariel Pan Eve Tanios Hsiu-Ming Tsai Irina V. Balyasnikova Marc Bissonnette Chin-Tu Chen |
| author_sort | Jeffrey S. Souris |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Photodynamic therapy (PDT), the use of light to excite photosensitive molecules whose electronic relaxation drives the production of highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), has proven an effective means of oncotherapy. However, its application has been severely constrained to superficial tissues and those readily accessed either endoscopically or laparoscopically, due to the intrinsic scattering and absorption of photons by intervening tissues. Recent advances in the design of nanoparticle-based X-ray scintillators and photosensitizers have enabled hybridization of these moieties into single nanocomposite particles. These nanoplatforms, when irradiated with diagnostic doses and energies of X-rays, produce large quantities of ROS and permit, for the first time, non-invasive deep tissue PDT of tumors with few of the therapeutic limitations or side effects of conventional PDT. In this review we examine the underlying principles and evolution of PDT: from its initial and still dominant use of light-activated, small molecule photosensitizers that passively accumulate in tumors, to its latest development of X-ray-activated, scintillator–photosensitizer hybrid nanoplatforms that actively target cancer biomarkers. Challenges and potential remedies for the clinical translation of these hybrid nanoplatforms and X-ray PDT are also presented. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:20:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a72c74d1fa3a445982e75c854b77d986 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:20:06Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj.art-a72c74d1fa3a445982e75c854b77d9862023-11-16T22:27:23ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912023-02-0113467310.3390/nano13040673X-ray Activated Nanoplatforms for Deep Tissue Photodynamic TherapyJeffrey S. Souris0Lara Leoni1Hannah J. Zhang2Ariel Pan3Eve Tanios4Hsiu-Ming Tsai5Irina V. Balyasnikova6Marc Bissonnette7Chin-Tu Chen8Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USAIntegrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USADepartment of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USADepartment of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USADepartment of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USAIntegrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USADepartment of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USADepartment of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USADepartment of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USAPhotodynamic therapy (PDT), the use of light to excite photosensitive molecules whose electronic relaxation drives the production of highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), has proven an effective means of oncotherapy. However, its application has been severely constrained to superficial tissues and those readily accessed either endoscopically or laparoscopically, due to the intrinsic scattering and absorption of photons by intervening tissues. Recent advances in the design of nanoparticle-based X-ray scintillators and photosensitizers have enabled hybridization of these moieties into single nanocomposite particles. These nanoplatforms, when irradiated with diagnostic doses and energies of X-rays, produce large quantities of ROS and permit, for the first time, non-invasive deep tissue PDT of tumors with few of the therapeutic limitations or side effects of conventional PDT. In this review we examine the underlying principles and evolution of PDT: from its initial and still dominant use of light-activated, small molecule photosensitizers that passively accumulate in tumors, to its latest development of X-ray-activated, scintillator–photosensitizer hybrid nanoplatforms that actively target cancer biomarkers. Challenges and potential remedies for the clinical translation of these hybrid nanoplatforms and X-ray PDT are also presented.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/13/4/673photodynamic therapynanoparticleX-ray activateddeep tissuereactive oxygen speciesdosimetry |
| spellingShingle | Jeffrey S. Souris Lara Leoni Hannah J. Zhang Ariel Pan Eve Tanios Hsiu-Ming Tsai Irina V. Balyasnikova Marc Bissonnette Chin-Tu Chen X-ray Activated Nanoplatforms for Deep Tissue Photodynamic Therapy Nanomaterials photodynamic therapy nanoparticle X-ray activated deep tissue reactive oxygen species dosimetry |
| title | X-ray Activated Nanoplatforms for Deep Tissue Photodynamic Therapy |
| title_full | X-ray Activated Nanoplatforms for Deep Tissue Photodynamic Therapy |
| title_fullStr | X-ray Activated Nanoplatforms for Deep Tissue Photodynamic Therapy |
| title_full_unstemmed | X-ray Activated Nanoplatforms for Deep Tissue Photodynamic Therapy |
| title_short | X-ray Activated Nanoplatforms for Deep Tissue Photodynamic Therapy |
| title_sort | x ray activated nanoplatforms for deep tissue photodynamic therapy |
| topic | photodynamic therapy nanoparticle X-ray activated deep tissue reactive oxygen species dosimetry |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/13/4/673 |
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