Multiple Mycotoxins in Kenyan Rice
Multiple mycotoxins were tested in milled rice samples (<i>n</i> = 200) from traders at different milling points within the Mwea Irrigation Scheme in Kenya. Traders provided the names of the cultivar, village where paddy was cultivated, sampling locality, miller, and month of paddy harve...
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/3/203 |
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| author | Samuel K. Mutiga J. Musembi Mutuku Vincent Koskei James Kamau Gitau Fredrick Ng’ang’a Joyce Musyoka George N. Chemining’wa Rosemary Murori |
| author_facet | Samuel K. Mutiga J. Musembi Mutuku Vincent Koskei James Kamau Gitau Fredrick Ng’ang’a Joyce Musyoka George N. Chemining’wa Rosemary Murori |
| author_sort | Samuel K. Mutiga |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Multiple mycotoxins were tested in milled rice samples (<i>n</i> = 200) from traders at different milling points within the Mwea Irrigation Scheme in Kenya. Traders provided the names of the cultivar, village where paddy was cultivated, sampling locality, miller, and month of paddy harvest between 2018 and 2019. Aflatoxin, citrinin, fumonisin, ochratoxin A, diacetoxyscirpenol, T2, HT2, and sterigmatocystin were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). Deoxynivalenol was tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mycotoxins occurred in ranges and frequencies in the following order: sterigmatocystin (0–7 ppb; 74.5%), aflatoxin (0–993 ppb; 55.5%), citrinin (0–9 ppb; 55.5%), ochratoxin A (0–110 ppb; 30%), fumonisin (0–76 ppb; 26%), diacetoxyscirpenol (0–24 ppb; 20.5%), and combined HT2 + T2 (0–62 ppb; 14.5%), and deoxynivalenol was detected in only one sample at 510 ppb. Overall, low amounts of toxins were observed in rice with a low frequency of samples above the regulatory limits for aflatoxin, 13.5%; ochratoxin A, 6%; and HT2 + T2, 0.5%. The maximum co-contamination was for 3.5% samples with six toxins in different combinations. The rice cultivar, paddy environment, time of harvest, and millers influenced the occurrence of different mycotoxins. There is a need to establish integrated approaches for the mitigation of mycotoxin accumulation in the Kenyan rice. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:20:32Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:20:32Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-a778b53487d649188310a9e8b60262892023-11-21T10:02:55ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512021-03-0113320310.3390/toxins13030203Multiple Mycotoxins in Kenyan RiceSamuel K. Mutiga0J. Musembi Mutuku1Vincent Koskei2James Kamau Gitau3Fredrick Ng’ang’a4Joyce Musyoka5George N. Chemining’wa6Rosemary Murori7Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. BOX 30709, 00100 Nairobi, KenyaBiosciences Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. BOX 30709, 00100 Nairobi, KenyaNational Irrigation Authority (NIA), P.O. Box 210, 10303 Wang’uru, KenyaDepartment of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, P.O. BOX 29053, 00625 Nairobi, KenyaBiosciences Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. BOX 30709, 00100 Nairobi, KenyaBiosciences Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. BOX 30709, 00100 Nairobi, KenyaDepartment of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, P.O. BOX 29053, 00625 Nairobi, KenyaInternational Rice Research Institute, Eastern and Southern African Region Office, P.O. BOX 30709, 00100 Nairobi, KenyaMultiple mycotoxins were tested in milled rice samples (<i>n</i> = 200) from traders at different milling points within the Mwea Irrigation Scheme in Kenya. Traders provided the names of the cultivar, village where paddy was cultivated, sampling locality, miller, and month of paddy harvest between 2018 and 2019. Aflatoxin, citrinin, fumonisin, ochratoxin A, diacetoxyscirpenol, T2, HT2, and sterigmatocystin were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). Deoxynivalenol was tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mycotoxins occurred in ranges and frequencies in the following order: sterigmatocystin (0–7 ppb; 74.5%), aflatoxin (0–993 ppb; 55.5%), citrinin (0–9 ppb; 55.5%), ochratoxin A (0–110 ppb; 30%), fumonisin (0–76 ppb; 26%), diacetoxyscirpenol (0–24 ppb; 20.5%), and combined HT2 + T2 (0–62 ppb; 14.5%), and deoxynivalenol was detected in only one sample at 510 ppb. Overall, low amounts of toxins were observed in rice with a low frequency of samples above the regulatory limits for aflatoxin, 13.5%; ochratoxin A, 6%; and HT2 + T2, 0.5%. The maximum co-contamination was for 3.5% samples with six toxins in different combinations. The rice cultivar, paddy environment, time of harvest, and millers influenced the occurrence of different mycotoxins. There is a need to establish integrated approaches for the mitigation of mycotoxin accumulation in the Kenyan rice.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/3/203co-contaminationfood safetymultiple mycotoxinsricesub-Saharan Africa |
| spellingShingle | Samuel K. Mutiga J. Musembi Mutuku Vincent Koskei James Kamau Gitau Fredrick Ng’ang’a Joyce Musyoka George N. Chemining’wa Rosemary Murori Multiple Mycotoxins in Kenyan Rice Toxins co-contamination food safety multiple mycotoxins rice sub-Saharan Africa |
| title | Multiple Mycotoxins in Kenyan Rice |
| title_full | Multiple Mycotoxins in Kenyan Rice |
| title_fullStr | Multiple Mycotoxins in Kenyan Rice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multiple Mycotoxins in Kenyan Rice |
| title_short | Multiple Mycotoxins in Kenyan Rice |
| title_sort | multiple mycotoxins in kenyan rice |
| topic | co-contamination food safety multiple mycotoxins rice sub-Saharan Africa |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/3/203 |
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