Gold Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide Flakes Enhance Cancer Cells’ Phagocytosis through Granzyme-Perforin-Dependent Biomechanism
The study aimed to investigate the roles of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and graphene oxide flakes (GOFs) as phagocytosis enhancers against cancer cells. The nanomaterials were characterized through SEM and UV-VIS absorptions. The GNPs and GOFs increased the macrophages’ phagocytosis ability in engulfi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Nanomaterials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/6/1382 |
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| author | Mohsen S. Al-Omar Majid Jabir Esraa Karsh Rua Kadhim Ghassan M. Sulaiman Zainab J. Taqi Khawla S. Khashan Hamdoon A. Mohammed Riaz A. Khan Salman A. A. Mohammed |
| author_facet | Mohsen S. Al-Omar Majid Jabir Esraa Karsh Rua Kadhim Ghassan M. Sulaiman Zainab J. Taqi Khawla S. Khashan Hamdoon A. Mohammed Riaz A. Khan Salman A. A. Mohammed |
| author_sort | Mohsen S. Al-Omar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The study aimed to investigate the roles of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and graphene oxide flakes (GOFs) as phagocytosis enhancers against cancer cells. The nanomaterials were characterized through SEM and UV-VIS absorptions. The GNPs and GOFs increased the macrophages’ phagocytosis ability in engulfing, thereby annihilating the cancer cells in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The GNPs and GOFs augmented serine protease class apoptotic protein, granzyme, passing through the aquaporin class protein, perforin, with mediated delivery through the cell membrane site for the programmed, calibrated, and conditioned cancer cells killing. Additionally, protease inhibitor 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin (DCI) significantly reduced granzyme and perforin activities of macrophages. The results demonstrated that the GOFs and GNPs increased the activation of phagocytic cells as a promising strategy for controlling cancer cells by augmenting the cell mortality through the granzyme-perforin-dependent mechanism. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:06:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a77be7dec2f54ce9b5ba0f39b089a88d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:06:37Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj.art-a77be7dec2f54ce9b5ba0f39b089a88d2023-11-21T21:06:42ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912021-05-01116138210.3390/nano11061382Gold Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide Flakes Enhance Cancer Cells’ Phagocytosis through Granzyme-Perforin-Dependent BiomechanismMohsen S. Al-Omar0Majid Jabir1Esraa Karsh2Rua Kadhim3Ghassan M. Sulaiman4Zainab J. Taqi5Khawla S. Khashan6Hamdoon A. Mohammed7Riaz A. Khan8Salman A. A. Mohammed9Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, IraqDepartment of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, IraqDepartment of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, IraqDepartment of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, IraqDepartment of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, IraqDepartment of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, IraqDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi ArabiaThe study aimed to investigate the roles of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and graphene oxide flakes (GOFs) as phagocytosis enhancers against cancer cells. The nanomaterials were characterized through SEM and UV-VIS absorptions. The GNPs and GOFs increased the macrophages’ phagocytosis ability in engulfing, thereby annihilating the cancer cells in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The GNPs and GOFs augmented serine protease class apoptotic protein, granzyme, passing through the aquaporin class protein, perforin, with mediated delivery through the cell membrane site for the programmed, calibrated, and conditioned cancer cells killing. Additionally, protease inhibitor 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin (DCI) significantly reduced granzyme and perforin activities of macrophages. The results demonstrated that the GOFs and GNPs increased the activation of phagocytic cells as a promising strategy for controlling cancer cells by augmenting the cell mortality through the granzyme-perforin-dependent mechanism.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/6/1382graphene oxide flakesGOFsgold nanoparticlesGNPsphagocytosisSKOV-3 |
| spellingShingle | Mohsen S. Al-Omar Majid Jabir Esraa Karsh Rua Kadhim Ghassan M. Sulaiman Zainab J. Taqi Khawla S. Khashan Hamdoon A. Mohammed Riaz A. Khan Salman A. A. Mohammed Gold Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide Flakes Enhance Cancer Cells’ Phagocytosis through Granzyme-Perforin-Dependent Biomechanism Nanomaterials graphene oxide flakes GOFs gold nanoparticles GNPs phagocytosis SKOV-3 |
| title | Gold Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide Flakes Enhance Cancer Cells’ Phagocytosis through Granzyme-Perforin-Dependent Biomechanism |
| title_full | Gold Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide Flakes Enhance Cancer Cells’ Phagocytosis through Granzyme-Perforin-Dependent Biomechanism |
| title_fullStr | Gold Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide Flakes Enhance Cancer Cells’ Phagocytosis through Granzyme-Perforin-Dependent Biomechanism |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gold Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide Flakes Enhance Cancer Cells’ Phagocytosis through Granzyme-Perforin-Dependent Biomechanism |
| title_short | Gold Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide Flakes Enhance Cancer Cells’ Phagocytosis through Granzyme-Perforin-Dependent Biomechanism |
| title_sort | gold nanoparticles and graphene oxide flakes enhance cancer cells phagocytosis through granzyme perforin dependent biomechanism |
| topic | graphene oxide flakes GOFs gold nanoparticles GNPs phagocytosis SKOV-3 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/6/1382 |
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