Participant characteristics associated with the effects of a physical and cognitive training program on executive functions
BackgroundPhysical and cognitive interventions have been shown to induce positive effects on older adults’ executive functioning. However, since participants with different background characteristics may respond differently to such interventions, we investigated whether training effects on executive...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2022.1038673/full |
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| author | Anna Tirkkonen Timo Törmäkangas Jenni Kulmala Jenni Kulmala Jenni Kulmala Tuomo Hänninen Anna Stigsdotter Neely Anna Stigsdotter Neely Sarianna Sipilä |
| author_facet | Anna Tirkkonen Timo Törmäkangas Jenni Kulmala Jenni Kulmala Jenni Kulmala Tuomo Hänninen Anna Stigsdotter Neely Anna Stigsdotter Neely Sarianna Sipilä |
| author_sort | Anna Tirkkonen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundPhysical and cognitive interventions have been shown to induce positive effects on older adults’ executive functioning. However, since participants with different background characteristics may respond differently to such interventions, we investigated whether training effects on executive functions were associated with sex, training compliance, and age. We also investigated if change in global cognition was associated with physical and cognitive training intervention-induced changes in executive functions.MethodsExploratory data from a randomized controlled trial were analyzed. Participants were 70–85-year-old men and women who received a 12-month physical (PT) or physical and cognitive training (PTCT) intervention. Measurements of executive functions related to inhibition (Stroop), set shifting (Trail Making Test B) and updating (Verbal Fluency) were performed at baseline and 12 months. Data were analyzed using a longitudinal linear path model for the two measurements occasion.ResultsStroop improved significantly more in women and participants in the low compliance subgroup who received PTCT than in counterparts in the PT subgroup (difference –8.758, p = 0.001 and difference –8.405, p = 0.010, respectively). In addition, TMT B improved after the intervention in the low compliance PTCT subgroup and worsened in the corresponding PT subgroup (difference –15.034, p = 0.032). No other significant associations were observed.ConclusionExecutive functions in women and in the participants, who only occasionally engaged in training showed greater improvement after the PTCT than PT intervention. However, the additional extra benefit gained from the PTCT intervention was uniquely expressed in each executive function measured in this study. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T19:42:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a77c99f73109403fa9e6413a2d5c8219 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1663-4365 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T19:42:02Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-a77c99f73109403fa9e6413a2d5c82192022-12-22T04:06:41ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience1663-43652022-10-011410.3389/fnagi.2022.10386731038673Participant characteristics associated with the effects of a physical and cognitive training program on executive functionsAnna Tirkkonen0Timo Törmäkangas1Jenni Kulmala2Jenni Kulmala3Jenni Kulmala4Tuomo Hänninen5Anna Stigsdotter Neely6Anna Stigsdotter Neely7Sarianna Sipilä8Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FinlandGerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FinlandFaculty of Social Sciences (Health Sciences) and Gerontology Research Centre, Tampere University, Tampere, FinlandDivision of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SwedenPopulation Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FinlandNeuroCenter, Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, FinlandDepartment of Social and Psychological Studies, Karlstad University, Karlstad, SwedenEngineering Psychology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, SwedenGerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FinlandBackgroundPhysical and cognitive interventions have been shown to induce positive effects on older adults’ executive functioning. However, since participants with different background characteristics may respond differently to such interventions, we investigated whether training effects on executive functions were associated with sex, training compliance, and age. We also investigated if change in global cognition was associated with physical and cognitive training intervention-induced changes in executive functions.MethodsExploratory data from a randomized controlled trial were analyzed. Participants were 70–85-year-old men and women who received a 12-month physical (PT) or physical and cognitive training (PTCT) intervention. Measurements of executive functions related to inhibition (Stroop), set shifting (Trail Making Test B) and updating (Verbal Fluency) were performed at baseline and 12 months. Data were analyzed using a longitudinal linear path model for the two measurements occasion.ResultsStroop improved significantly more in women and participants in the low compliance subgroup who received PTCT than in counterparts in the PT subgroup (difference –8.758, p = 0.001 and difference –8.405, p = 0.010, respectively). In addition, TMT B improved after the intervention in the low compliance PTCT subgroup and worsened in the corresponding PT subgroup (difference –15.034, p = 0.032). No other significant associations were observed.ConclusionExecutive functions in women and in the participants, who only occasionally engaged in training showed greater improvement after the PTCT than PT intervention. However, the additional extra benefit gained from the PTCT intervention was uniquely expressed in each executive function measured in this study.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2022.1038673/fullolder adultsexecutive functionstraining responsephysical trainingphysical and cognitive training |
| spellingShingle | Anna Tirkkonen Timo Törmäkangas Jenni Kulmala Jenni Kulmala Jenni Kulmala Tuomo Hänninen Anna Stigsdotter Neely Anna Stigsdotter Neely Sarianna Sipilä Participant characteristics associated with the effects of a physical and cognitive training program on executive functions Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience older adults executive functions training response physical training physical and cognitive training |
| title | Participant characteristics associated with the effects of a physical and cognitive training program on executive functions |
| title_full | Participant characteristics associated with the effects of a physical and cognitive training program on executive functions |
| title_fullStr | Participant characteristics associated with the effects of a physical and cognitive training program on executive functions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Participant characteristics associated with the effects of a physical and cognitive training program on executive functions |
| title_short | Participant characteristics associated with the effects of a physical and cognitive training program on executive functions |
| title_sort | participant characteristics associated with the effects of a physical and cognitive training program on executive functions |
| topic | older adults executive functions training response physical training physical and cognitive training |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2022.1038673/full |
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