The Impact of Apical Periodontitis and Endodontic Treatment on Salivary Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Longitudinal Study
This study aimed to assess the effect of apical periodontitis and its treatment on the profile of salivary inflammatory markers and to investigate its correlation with serum inflammatory markers. Saliva samples were collected from 115 recruited participants. Patients were reviewed after 1 and 2 year...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/6/3952 |
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| author | Abdulaziz Bakhsh Noor Al-Abdulla Francesco Mannocci Marwa Allihaibi David Moyes Gordon Proctor Sadia Ambreen Niazi |
| author_facet | Abdulaziz Bakhsh Noor Al-Abdulla Francesco Mannocci Marwa Allihaibi David Moyes Gordon Proctor Sadia Ambreen Niazi |
| author_sort | Abdulaziz Bakhsh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study aimed to assess the effect of apical periodontitis and its treatment on the profile of salivary inflammatory markers and to investigate its correlation with serum inflammatory markers. Saliva samples were collected from 115 recruited participants. Patients were reviewed after 1 and 2 years following treatment. Saliva samples were analysed using Multiplex microbead immunoassay for identifying the inflammatory biomarkers’ profile. Biomarker levels were compared against healthy controls at baseline. Longitudinal comparison of those markers was further analysed for the review appointments and correlated with the size of the periapical radiolucency, treatment outcome and serum inflammatory biomarker levels. The salivary cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and vascular adhesion molecules were higher at the review appointments. Pre-operative salivary levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group (<i>p</i> < 0.001). At 1 year, hs-CRP was decreased than baseline. While, in 2 years, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 was significantly lower compared to baseline levels (<i>p</i> = 0.005). Furthermore, the post-operative size of radiolucency was significantly correlated with the levels of several markers. When correlating the salivary levels of biomarkers with the serum levels, a significant correlation was seen in FGF-23 (<i>p</i> = 0.04) at baseline; in intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 (<i>p</i> = 0.02) at 1 year post-treatment; and in TNF-α, ICAM-1 and E-Selectin at 2 years post-treatment (<i>p</i> = 0.046; <i>p</i> = 0.033; <i>p</i> = 0.019, respectively). Therefore, his study suggests that higher salivary cytokines, MMPs and vascular adhesion molecules at the post-treatment reviews are related to periapical bone healing and remodelling, whereas salivary FGF-23 and hs-CRP could be prognostic biomarkers. Correlation of some salivary with serum biomarkers suggests that saliva sampling could be a feasible non-invasive option for the measurement of inflammatory marker levels; however, further longitudinal studies are required. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:57:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a7a5fe6fa9fc4ccba210719aafd12a9c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:57:51Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-a7a5fe6fa9fc4ccba210719aafd12a9c2023-11-17T09:29:19ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172023-03-01136395210.3390/app13063952The Impact of Apical Periodontitis and Endodontic Treatment on Salivary Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Longitudinal StudyAbdulaziz Bakhsh0Noor Al-Abdulla1Francesco Mannocci2Marwa Allihaibi3David Moyes4Gordon Proctor5Sadia Ambreen Niazi6Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Endodontics, Centre of Oral Clinical & Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Guy’s Dental Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UKDepartment of Endodontics, Centre of Oral Clinical & Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Guy’s Dental Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UKDepartment of Endodontics, Centre of Oral Clinical & Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Guy’s Dental Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UKCentre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Guy’s Dental Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UKCentre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Guy’s Dental Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UKDepartment of Endodontics, Centre of Oral Clinical & Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Guy’s Dental Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UKThis study aimed to assess the effect of apical periodontitis and its treatment on the profile of salivary inflammatory markers and to investigate its correlation with serum inflammatory markers. Saliva samples were collected from 115 recruited participants. Patients were reviewed after 1 and 2 years following treatment. Saliva samples were analysed using Multiplex microbead immunoassay for identifying the inflammatory biomarkers’ profile. Biomarker levels were compared against healthy controls at baseline. Longitudinal comparison of those markers was further analysed for the review appointments and correlated with the size of the periapical radiolucency, treatment outcome and serum inflammatory biomarker levels. The salivary cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and vascular adhesion molecules were higher at the review appointments. Pre-operative salivary levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group (<i>p</i> < 0.001). At 1 year, hs-CRP was decreased than baseline. While, in 2 years, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 was significantly lower compared to baseline levels (<i>p</i> = 0.005). Furthermore, the post-operative size of radiolucency was significantly correlated with the levels of several markers. When correlating the salivary levels of biomarkers with the serum levels, a significant correlation was seen in FGF-23 (<i>p</i> = 0.04) at baseline; in intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 (<i>p</i> = 0.02) at 1 year post-treatment; and in TNF-α, ICAM-1 and E-Selectin at 2 years post-treatment (<i>p</i> = 0.046; <i>p</i> = 0.033; <i>p</i> = 0.019, respectively). Therefore, his study suggests that higher salivary cytokines, MMPs and vascular adhesion molecules at the post-treatment reviews are related to periapical bone healing and remodelling, whereas salivary FGF-23 and hs-CRP could be prognostic biomarkers. Correlation of some salivary with serum biomarkers suggests that saliva sampling could be a feasible non-invasive option for the measurement of inflammatory marker levels; however, further longitudinal studies are required.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/6/3952apical periodontitissalivary inflammatory biomarkerscardiovascular diseasesmultiplex luminex immunoassay |
| spellingShingle | Abdulaziz Bakhsh Noor Al-Abdulla Francesco Mannocci Marwa Allihaibi David Moyes Gordon Proctor Sadia Ambreen Niazi The Impact of Apical Periodontitis and Endodontic Treatment on Salivary Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Longitudinal Study Applied Sciences apical periodontitis salivary inflammatory biomarkers cardiovascular diseases multiplex luminex immunoassay |
| title | The Impact of Apical Periodontitis and Endodontic Treatment on Salivary Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Longitudinal Study |
| title_full | The Impact of Apical Periodontitis and Endodontic Treatment on Salivary Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Longitudinal Study |
| title_fullStr | The Impact of Apical Periodontitis and Endodontic Treatment on Salivary Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Longitudinal Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Impact of Apical Periodontitis and Endodontic Treatment on Salivary Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Longitudinal Study |
| title_short | The Impact of Apical Periodontitis and Endodontic Treatment on Salivary Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Longitudinal Study |
| title_sort | impact of apical periodontitis and endodontic treatment on salivary inflammatory biomarkers a longitudinal study |
| topic | apical periodontitis salivary inflammatory biomarkers cardiovascular diseases multiplex luminex immunoassay |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/6/3952 |
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