The Immunology of Syncytialized Trophoblast
Multinucleate syncytialized trophoblast is found in three forms in the human placenta. In the earliest stages of pregnancy, it is seen at the invasive leading edge of the implanting embryo and has been called primitive trophoblast. In later pregnancy, it is represented by the immense, multinucleated...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/4/1767 |
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| author | Danny J. Schust Elizabeth A. Bonney Jun Sugimoto Toshi Ezashi R. Michael Roberts Sehee Choi Jie Zhou |
| author_facet | Danny J. Schust Elizabeth A. Bonney Jun Sugimoto Toshi Ezashi R. Michael Roberts Sehee Choi Jie Zhou |
| author_sort | Danny J. Schust |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Multinucleate syncytialized trophoblast is found in three forms in the human placenta. In the earliest stages of pregnancy, it is seen at the invasive leading edge of the implanting embryo and has been called primitive trophoblast. In later pregnancy, it is represented by the immense, multinucleated layer covering the surface of placental villi and by the trophoblast giant cells found deep within the uterine decidua and myometrium. These syncytia interact with local and/or systemic maternal immune effector cells in a fine balance that allows for invasion and persistence of allogeneic cells in a mother who must retain immunocompetence for 40 weeks of pregnancy. Maternal immune interactions with syncytialized trophoblast require tightly regulated mechanisms that may differ depending on the location of fetal cells and their invasiveness, the nature of the surrounding immune effector cells and the gestational age of the pregnancy. Some specifically reflect the unique mechanisms involved in trophoblast cell–cell fusion (aka syncytialization). Here we will review and summarize several of the mechanisms that support healthy maternal–fetal immune interactions specifically at syncytiotrophoblast interfaces. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:48:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a7cc4d6ab2ea430bb4d6b3797ac00e9c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:48:11Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-a7cc4d6ab2ea430bb4d6b3797ac00e9c2023-12-03T13:13:01ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-02-01224176710.3390/ijms22041767The Immunology of Syncytialized TrophoblastDanny J. Schust0Elizabeth A. Bonney1Jun Sugimoto2Toshi Ezashi3R. Michael Roberts4Sehee Choi5Jie Zhou6Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65202, USADepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USADepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, JapanDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65202, USADepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65202, USADepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65202, USADepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65202, USAMultinucleate syncytialized trophoblast is found in three forms in the human placenta. In the earliest stages of pregnancy, it is seen at the invasive leading edge of the implanting embryo and has been called primitive trophoblast. In later pregnancy, it is represented by the immense, multinucleated layer covering the surface of placental villi and by the trophoblast giant cells found deep within the uterine decidua and myometrium. These syncytia interact with local and/or systemic maternal immune effector cells in a fine balance that allows for invasion and persistence of allogeneic cells in a mother who must retain immunocompetence for 40 weeks of pregnancy. Maternal immune interactions with syncytialized trophoblast require tightly regulated mechanisms that may differ depending on the location of fetal cells and their invasiveness, the nature of the surrounding immune effector cells and the gestational age of the pregnancy. Some specifically reflect the unique mechanisms involved in trophoblast cell–cell fusion (aka syncytialization). Here we will review and summarize several of the mechanisms that support healthy maternal–fetal immune interactions specifically at syncytiotrophoblast interfaces.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/4/1767syncytiotrophoblast (STB)toll-like receptors (TLRs)immune checkpoint moleculesextracellular vesicles (EV)human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) |
| spellingShingle | Danny J. Schust Elizabeth A. Bonney Jun Sugimoto Toshi Ezashi R. Michael Roberts Sehee Choi Jie Zhou The Immunology of Syncytialized Trophoblast International Journal of Molecular Sciences syncytiotrophoblast (STB) toll-like receptors (TLRs) immune checkpoint molecules extracellular vesicles (EV) human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) |
| title | The Immunology of Syncytialized Trophoblast |
| title_full | The Immunology of Syncytialized Trophoblast |
| title_fullStr | The Immunology of Syncytialized Trophoblast |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Immunology of Syncytialized Trophoblast |
| title_short | The Immunology of Syncytialized Trophoblast |
| title_sort | immunology of syncytialized trophoblast |
| topic | syncytiotrophoblast (STB) toll-like receptors (TLRs) immune checkpoint molecules extracellular vesicles (EV) human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/4/1767 |
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