Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the pathogenesis of epilepsy is linked to neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction. Peripheral immune cell invasion into the brain, along with these responses, is implicitly involved in epilepsy. This review explored the current literature on the...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/9/4395 |
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| author | Gaku Yamanaka Shinichiro Morichi Tomoko Takamatsu Yusuke Watanabe Shinji Suzuki Yu Ishida Shingo Oana Takashi Yamazaki Fuyuko Takata Hisashi Kawashima |
| author_facet | Gaku Yamanaka Shinichiro Morichi Tomoko Takamatsu Yusuke Watanabe Shinji Suzuki Yu Ishida Shingo Oana Takashi Yamazaki Fuyuko Takata Hisashi Kawashima |
| author_sort | Gaku Yamanaka |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the pathogenesis of epilepsy is linked to neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction. Peripheral immune cell invasion into the brain, along with these responses, is implicitly involved in epilepsy. This review explored the current literature on the association between the peripheral and central nervous systems in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, and highlights novel research directions for therapeutic interventions targeting these reactions. Previous experimental and human studies have demonstrated the activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses in the brain. The time required for monocytes (responsible for innate immunity) and T cells (involved in acquired immunity) to invade the central nervous system after a seizure varies. Moreover, the time between the leakage associated with blood–brain barrier (BBB) failure and the infiltration of these cells varies. This suggests that cell infiltration is not merely a secondary disruptive event associated with BBB failure, but also a non-disruptive event facilitated by various mediators produced by the neurovascular unit consisting of neurons, perivascular astrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and endothelial cells. Moreover, genetic manipulation has enabled the differentiation between peripheral monocytes and resident microglia, which was previously considered difficult. Thus, the evidence suggests that peripheral monocytes may contribute to the pathogenesis of seizures. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:04:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a7ccd1a0571e4f9595234acab77203cd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:04:01Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-a7ccd1a0571e4f9595234acab77203cd2023-11-21T16:45:13ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-04-01229439510.3390/ijms22094395Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative ReviewGaku Yamanaka0Shinichiro Morichi1Tomoko Takamatsu2Yusuke Watanabe3Shinji Suzuki4Yu Ishida5Shingo Oana6Takashi Yamazaki7Fuyuko Takata8Hisashi Kawashima9Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, JapanDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, JapanDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, JapanDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, JapanDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, JapanDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, JapanDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, JapanDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, JapanDepartment of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, JapanDepartment of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, JapanAccumulating evidence has demonstrated that the pathogenesis of epilepsy is linked to neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction. Peripheral immune cell invasion into the brain, along with these responses, is implicitly involved in epilepsy. This review explored the current literature on the association between the peripheral and central nervous systems in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, and highlights novel research directions for therapeutic interventions targeting these reactions. Previous experimental and human studies have demonstrated the activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses in the brain. The time required for monocytes (responsible for innate immunity) and T cells (involved in acquired immunity) to invade the central nervous system after a seizure varies. Moreover, the time between the leakage associated with blood–brain barrier (BBB) failure and the infiltration of these cells varies. This suggests that cell infiltration is not merely a secondary disruptive event associated with BBB failure, but also a non-disruptive event facilitated by various mediators produced by the neurovascular unit consisting of neurons, perivascular astrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and endothelial cells. Moreover, genetic manipulation has enabled the differentiation between peripheral monocytes and resident microglia, which was previously considered difficult. Thus, the evidence suggests that peripheral monocytes may contribute to the pathogenesis of seizures.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/9/4395epilepsycytokinemonocytespericytes |
| spellingShingle | Gaku Yamanaka Shinichiro Morichi Tomoko Takamatsu Yusuke Watanabe Shinji Suzuki Yu Ishida Shingo Oana Takashi Yamazaki Fuyuko Takata Hisashi Kawashima Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review International Journal of Molecular Sciences epilepsy cytokine monocytes pericytes |
| title | Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review |
| title_full | Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review |
| title_fullStr | Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review |
| title_short | Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review |
| title_sort | links between immune cells from the periphery and the brain in the pathogenesis of epilepsy a narrative review |
| topic | epilepsy cytokine monocytes pericytes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/9/4395 |
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