Assessment of Ecological Cumulative Effect due to Mining Disturbance Using Google Earth Engine
Open-pit mining and reclamation damage the land, resulting in unknown and significant changes to the regional ecology and ecosystem services. Surface mining restoration procedures necessitate a significant amount of money, typically at an unclear cost. Due to temporal and regional variability, few s...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4381 |
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| author | Wenfu Yang Yao Mu Wenkai Zhang Wenwen Wang Jin Liu Junhuan Peng Xiaosong Liu Tingting He |
| author_facet | Wenfu Yang Yao Mu Wenkai Zhang Wenwen Wang Jin Liu Junhuan Peng Xiaosong Liu Tingting He |
| author_sort | Wenfu Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Open-pit mining and reclamation damage the land, resulting in unknown and significant changes to the regional ecology and ecosystem services. Surface mining restoration procedures necessitate a significant amount of money, typically at an unclear cost. Due to temporal and regional variability, few studies have focused on the cumulative impacts of mining activities. To investigate the ecological cumulative effects (ECE) of past mining and reclamation activities, this study continuously tracked land cover changes spatially and temporally based on phenological indices and focuses on the spatial and temporal evolution of past mining and reclamation areas using the LandTrendr algorithm. The cumulative trends of ecosystem services in the Pingshuo mining area from 1986 to 2021 were revealed using a uniform standard value equivalent coefficient. Meanwhile, the cumulative ecological effects due to essential ecosystem service functions were analyzed, including soil formation and protection, water containment, biodiversity maintenance, climate regulation, and food production. The synergistic effects and trade-offs among the functions were also explored using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. The results showed that (1) open-pit mining resulted in 93.51 km<sup>2</sup> of natural land, 39.60 km<sup>2</sup> of disturbed land, and 44.58 km<sup>2</sup> of reclaimed land in the Pingshuo mine; (2) open-pit mining in the mine mainly resulted in the loss of 122.18 km<sup>2</sup> (80.91%) of native grassland, but, through reclamation into grassland (31.30 km<sup>2</sup>), cropland (72.95 km<sup>2</sup>), and forest land (10.62 km<sup>2</sup>), the damaged area caused by mining only slightly increased; (3) the cumulative ecological value of the mining area declined by 128.78 million RMB; however, the real cumulative value per unit area was lower in the disturbance area (1483.47 million RMB) and the reclamation area (1297.00 million RMB) than in the natural area (2120.98 million RMB); (4) the cumulative value of the food production function in the study area increased, although the values of all individual functions in the study area decreased. Most of the cumulative values of services had a strong synergistic relationship. However, in the natural area, food production (FP) showed a trade-off relationship with the cumulative value of biodiversity maintenance (BM), soil formation and protection (SP), and water conservation (WC) service functions, respectively. This study constructed a methodology for analyzing mining-impacted ecosystem services using time-series processes, reproducing historically complete information for policymakers and environmental regulators. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:18:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a7d137d960e149f8aa84fe875f1bd4c1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:18:19Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
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| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-a7d137d960e149f8aa84fe875f1bd4c12023-11-23T14:05:44ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922022-09-011417438110.3390/rs14174381Assessment of Ecological Cumulative Effect due to Mining Disturbance Using Google Earth EngineWenfu Yang0Yao Mu1Wenkai Zhang2Wenwen Wang3Jin Liu4Junhuan Peng5Xiaosong Liu6Tingting He7School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, ChinaInstitute of Aerospace Information, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101416, ChinaKey Laboratory of Monitoring and Protection of Natural Resources in Mining Cities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Coal Geological Geophysical Exploration Surveying & Mapping Institute of Shanxi Province, Jinzhong 030600, ChinaKey Laboratory of Monitoring and Protection of Natural Resources in Mining Cities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Coal Geological Geophysical Exploration Surveying & Mapping Institute of Shanxi Province, Jinzhong 030600, ChinaShanxi Geological Environment Monitoring and Ecological Restoration Center, Taiyuan 030024, ChinaSchool of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Monitoring and Protection of Natural Resources in Mining Cities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Coal Geological Geophysical Exploration Surveying & Mapping Institute of Shanxi Province, Jinzhong 030600, ChinaDepartment of Land Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaOpen-pit mining and reclamation damage the land, resulting in unknown and significant changes to the regional ecology and ecosystem services. Surface mining restoration procedures necessitate a significant amount of money, typically at an unclear cost. Due to temporal and regional variability, few studies have focused on the cumulative impacts of mining activities. To investigate the ecological cumulative effects (ECE) of past mining and reclamation activities, this study continuously tracked land cover changes spatially and temporally based on phenological indices and focuses on the spatial and temporal evolution of past mining and reclamation areas using the LandTrendr algorithm. The cumulative trends of ecosystem services in the Pingshuo mining area from 1986 to 2021 were revealed using a uniform standard value equivalent coefficient. Meanwhile, the cumulative ecological effects due to essential ecosystem service functions were analyzed, including soil formation and protection, water containment, biodiversity maintenance, climate regulation, and food production. The synergistic effects and trade-offs among the functions were also explored using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. The results showed that (1) open-pit mining resulted in 93.51 km<sup>2</sup> of natural land, 39.60 km<sup>2</sup> of disturbed land, and 44.58 km<sup>2</sup> of reclaimed land in the Pingshuo mine; (2) open-pit mining in the mine mainly resulted in the loss of 122.18 km<sup>2</sup> (80.91%) of native grassland, but, through reclamation into grassland (31.30 km<sup>2</sup>), cropland (72.95 km<sup>2</sup>), and forest land (10.62 km<sup>2</sup>), the damaged area caused by mining only slightly increased; (3) the cumulative ecological value of the mining area declined by 128.78 million RMB; however, the real cumulative value per unit area was lower in the disturbance area (1483.47 million RMB) and the reclamation area (1297.00 million RMB) than in the natural area (2120.98 million RMB); (4) the cumulative value of the food production function in the study area increased, although the values of all individual functions in the study area decreased. Most of the cumulative values of services had a strong synergistic relationship. However, in the natural area, food production (FP) showed a trade-off relationship with the cumulative value of biodiversity maintenance (BM), soil formation and protection (SP), and water conservation (WC) service functions, respectively. This study constructed a methodology for analyzing mining-impacted ecosystem services using time-series processes, reproducing historically complete information for policymakers and environmental regulators.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4381opencast miningecosystem services valueLandTrendrGoogle Earth Engine |
| spellingShingle | Wenfu Yang Yao Mu Wenkai Zhang Wenwen Wang Jin Liu Junhuan Peng Xiaosong Liu Tingting He Assessment of Ecological Cumulative Effect due to Mining Disturbance Using Google Earth Engine Remote Sensing opencast mining ecosystem services value LandTrendr Google Earth Engine |
| title | Assessment of Ecological Cumulative Effect due to Mining Disturbance Using Google Earth Engine |
| title_full | Assessment of Ecological Cumulative Effect due to Mining Disturbance Using Google Earth Engine |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of Ecological Cumulative Effect due to Mining Disturbance Using Google Earth Engine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of Ecological Cumulative Effect due to Mining Disturbance Using Google Earth Engine |
| title_short | Assessment of Ecological Cumulative Effect due to Mining Disturbance Using Google Earth Engine |
| title_sort | assessment of ecological cumulative effect due to mining disturbance using google earth engine |
| topic | opencast mining ecosystem services value LandTrendr Google Earth Engine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4381 |
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