A microarray analysis of gnotobiotic mice indicating that microbial exposure during the neonatal period plays an essential role in immune system development
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Epidemiological studies have suggested that the encounter with commensal microorganisms during the neonatal period is essential for normal development of the host immune system. Basic research involving gnotobiotic mice has demonstra...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2012-07-01
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| Series: | BMC Genomics |
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| Online Access: | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/335 |
| _version_ | 1818187498942103552 |
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| author | Yamamoto Masahiro Yamaguchi Rui Munakata Kaori Takashima Kiyoe Nishiyama Mitsue Hioki Kyoji Ohnishi Yasuyuki Nagasaki Masao Imoto Seiya Miyano Satoru Ishige Atsushi Watanabe Kenji |
| author_facet | Yamamoto Masahiro Yamaguchi Rui Munakata Kaori Takashima Kiyoe Nishiyama Mitsue Hioki Kyoji Ohnishi Yasuyuki Nagasaki Masao Imoto Seiya Miyano Satoru Ishige Atsushi Watanabe Kenji |
| author_sort | Yamamoto Masahiro |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Epidemiological studies have suggested that the encounter with commensal microorganisms during the neonatal period is essential for normal development of the host immune system. Basic research involving gnotobiotic mice has demonstrated that colonization at the age of 5 weeks is too late to reconstitute normal immune function. In this study, we examined the transcriptome profiles of the large intestine (LI), small intestine (SI), liver (LIV), and spleen (SPL) of 3 bacterial colonization models—specific pathogen<b>-</b>free mice (SPF), ex-germ-free mice with bacterial reconstitution at the time of delivery (0WexGF)<b>,</b> and ex-germ-free mice with bacterial reconstitution at 5 weeks of age (5WexGF)—and compared them with those of germ-free (GF) mice.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Hundreds of genes were affected in all tissues in each of the colonized models; however, a gene set enrichment analysis method, MetaGene Profiler (MGP)<b>,</b> demonstrated that the specific changes of Gene Ontology (GO) categories occurred predominantly in 0WexGF LI, SPF SI<b>,</b> and 5WexGF SPL, respectively. MGP analysis on signal pathways revealed prominent changes in toll-like receptor (TLR)- and type 1 interferon (IFN)-signaling in LI of 0WexGF and SPF mice, but not 5WexGF mice, while 5WexGF mice showed specific changes in chemokine signaling. RT-PCR analysis of TLR-related genes showed that the expression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (Irf3), a crucial rate-limiting transcription factor in the induction of type 1 IFN, prominently decreased in 0WexGF and SPF mice but not in 5WexGF and GF mice.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The present study provides important new information regarding the molecular mechanisms of the so-called "hygiene hypothesis".</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T23:12:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a7d96641f8294fa385e1b4919622e52d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1471-2164 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T23:12:00Z |
| publishDate | 2012-07-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | BMC Genomics |
| spelling | doaj.art-a7d96641f8294fa385e1b4919622e52d2022-12-22T00:46:41ZengBMCBMC Genomics1471-21642012-07-0113133510.1186/1471-2164-13-335A microarray analysis of gnotobiotic mice indicating that microbial exposure during the neonatal period plays an essential role in immune system developmentYamamoto MasahiroYamaguchi RuiMunakata KaoriTakashima KiyoeNishiyama MitsueHioki KyojiOhnishi YasuyukiNagasaki MasaoImoto SeiyaMiyano SatoruIshige AtsushiWatanabe Kenji<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Epidemiological studies have suggested that the encounter with commensal microorganisms during the neonatal period is essential for normal development of the host immune system. Basic research involving gnotobiotic mice has demonstrated that colonization at the age of 5 weeks is too late to reconstitute normal immune function. In this study, we examined the transcriptome profiles of the large intestine (LI), small intestine (SI), liver (LIV), and spleen (SPL) of 3 bacterial colonization models—specific pathogen<b>-</b>free mice (SPF), ex-germ-free mice with bacterial reconstitution at the time of delivery (0WexGF)<b>,</b> and ex-germ-free mice with bacterial reconstitution at 5 weeks of age (5WexGF)—and compared them with those of germ-free (GF) mice.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Hundreds of genes were affected in all tissues in each of the colonized models; however, a gene set enrichment analysis method, MetaGene Profiler (MGP)<b>,</b> demonstrated that the specific changes of Gene Ontology (GO) categories occurred predominantly in 0WexGF LI, SPF SI<b>,</b> and 5WexGF SPL, respectively. MGP analysis on signal pathways revealed prominent changes in toll-like receptor (TLR)- and type 1 interferon (IFN)-signaling in LI of 0WexGF and SPF mice, but not 5WexGF mice, while 5WexGF mice showed specific changes in chemokine signaling. RT-PCR analysis of TLR-related genes showed that the expression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (Irf3), a crucial rate-limiting transcription factor in the induction of type 1 IFN, prominently decreased in 0WexGF and SPF mice but not in 5WexGF and GF mice.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The present study provides important new information regarding the molecular mechanisms of the so-called "hygiene hypothesis".</p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/335Hygiene hypothesisGerm-freeToll-like receptorType 1 interferonMetaGene Profiler |
| spellingShingle | Yamamoto Masahiro Yamaguchi Rui Munakata Kaori Takashima Kiyoe Nishiyama Mitsue Hioki Kyoji Ohnishi Yasuyuki Nagasaki Masao Imoto Seiya Miyano Satoru Ishige Atsushi Watanabe Kenji A microarray analysis of gnotobiotic mice indicating that microbial exposure during the neonatal period plays an essential role in immune system development BMC Genomics Hygiene hypothesis Germ-free Toll-like receptor Type 1 interferon MetaGene Profiler |
| title | A microarray analysis of gnotobiotic mice indicating that microbial exposure during the neonatal period plays an essential role in immune system development |
| title_full | A microarray analysis of gnotobiotic mice indicating that microbial exposure during the neonatal period plays an essential role in immune system development |
| title_fullStr | A microarray analysis of gnotobiotic mice indicating that microbial exposure during the neonatal period plays an essential role in immune system development |
| title_full_unstemmed | A microarray analysis of gnotobiotic mice indicating that microbial exposure during the neonatal period plays an essential role in immune system development |
| title_short | A microarray analysis of gnotobiotic mice indicating that microbial exposure during the neonatal period plays an essential role in immune system development |
| title_sort | microarray analysis of gnotobiotic mice indicating that microbial exposure during the neonatal period plays an essential role in immune system development |
| topic | Hygiene hypothesis Germ-free Toll-like receptor Type 1 interferon MetaGene Profiler |
| url | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/335 |
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