Correlates of SARS-CoV-2 Variants on Deaths, Case Incidence and Case Fatality Ratio among the Continents for the Period of 1 December 2020 to 15 March 2021
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has quickly developed into a worldwide pandemic. Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome may affect various aspects of the disease including fatality ratio. In this study, 553,518 SAR...
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| author | Wajdy J. Al-Awaida Baker Jawabrah Al Hourani Samer Swedan Refat Nimer Foad Alzoughool Hamzeh J. Al-Ameer Sara E. Al Tamam Raghad Alashqar Omar Al bawareed Yulia Gushchina Mohamed Samy Abousenna Amani Marwan Ayyash Ahmad Sharab Sulaiman M. Alnaimat Amer Imraish Muhanad W. Akash Najah R. Hadi |
| author_facet | Wajdy J. Al-Awaida Baker Jawabrah Al Hourani Samer Swedan Refat Nimer Foad Alzoughool Hamzeh J. Al-Ameer Sara E. Al Tamam Raghad Alashqar Omar Al bawareed Yulia Gushchina Mohamed Samy Abousenna Amani Marwan Ayyash Ahmad Sharab Sulaiman M. Alnaimat Amer Imraish Muhanad W. Akash Najah R. Hadi |
| author_sort | Wajdy J. Al-Awaida |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has quickly developed into a worldwide pandemic. Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome may affect various aspects of the disease including fatality ratio. In this study, 553,518 SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences isolated from patients from continents for the period 1 December 2020 to 15 March 2021 were comprehensively analyzed and a total of 82 mutations were identified concerning the reference sequence. In addition, associations between the mutations and the case fatality ratio (CFR), cases per million and deaths per million, were examined. The mutations having the highest frequencies among different continents were Spike_D614G and NSP12_P323L. Among the identified mutations, NSP2_T153M, NSP14_I42V and Spike_L18F mutations showed a positive correlation to CFR. While the NSP13_Y541C, NSP3_T73I and NSP3_Q180H mutations demonstrated a negative correlation to CFR. The Spike_D614G and NSP12_P323L mutations showed a positive correlation to deaths per million. The NSP3_T1198K, NS8_L84S and NSP12_A97V mutations showed a significant negative correlation to deaths per million. The NSP12_P323L and Spike_D614G mutations showed a positive correlation to the number of cases per million. In contrast, NS8_L84S and NSP12_A97V mutations showed a negative correlation to the number of cases per million. In addition, among the identified clades, none showed a significant correlation to CFR. The G, GR, GV, S clades showed a significant positive correlation to deaths per million. The GR and S clades showed a positive correlation to number of cases per million. The clades having the highest frequencies among continents were G, followed by GH and GR. These findings should be taken into consideration during epidemiological surveys of the virus and vaccine development. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:38:28Z |
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| id | doaj.art-a7e43ba9c05c4fa1abac751576fa06fc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:38:28Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
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| series | Genes |
| spelling | doaj.art-a7e43ba9c05c4fa1abac751576fa06fc2023-11-22T03:51:01ZengMDPI AGGenes2073-44252021-07-01127106110.3390/genes12071061Correlates of SARS-CoV-2 Variants on Deaths, Case Incidence and Case Fatality Ratio among the Continents for the Period of 1 December 2020 to 15 March 2021Wajdy J. Al-Awaida0Baker Jawabrah Al Hourani1Samer Swedan2Refat Nimer3Foad Alzoughool4Hamzeh J. Al-Ameer5Sara E. Al Tamam6Raghad Alashqar7Omar Al bawareed8Yulia Gushchina9Mohamed Samy Abousenna10Amani Marwan Ayyash11Ahmad Sharab12Sulaiman M. Alnaimat13Amer Imraish14Muhanad W. Akash15Najah R. Hadi16Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, American University of Madaba, Madaba 11821, JordanDepartment of Biology and Chemistry, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301, USADepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, JordanDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, JordanDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, JordanDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, American University of Madaba, Madaba 11821, JordanDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, American University of Madaba, Madaba 11821, JordanDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, American University of Madaba, Madaba 11821, JordanDepartment of Normal Physiology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, RussiaDepartment of General and Clinical Pharmacology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, RussiaCentral Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agricultural Research Center, Cairo 11517, EgyptDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Heath Sciences, American University of Madaba, Madaba 11821, JordanDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, American University of Madaba, Madaba 11821, JordanBiological Department, Faculty of Science, Al Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an P.O. Box 20, JordanDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, JordanDepartment of Horticulture and Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, JordanDepartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf 540011, IraqThe outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has quickly developed into a worldwide pandemic. Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome may affect various aspects of the disease including fatality ratio. In this study, 553,518 SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences isolated from patients from continents for the period 1 December 2020 to 15 March 2021 were comprehensively analyzed and a total of 82 mutations were identified concerning the reference sequence. In addition, associations between the mutations and the case fatality ratio (CFR), cases per million and deaths per million, were examined. The mutations having the highest frequencies among different continents were Spike_D614G and NSP12_P323L. Among the identified mutations, NSP2_T153M, NSP14_I42V and Spike_L18F mutations showed a positive correlation to CFR. While the NSP13_Y541C, NSP3_T73I and NSP3_Q180H mutations demonstrated a negative correlation to CFR. The Spike_D614G and NSP12_P323L mutations showed a positive correlation to deaths per million. The NSP3_T1198K, NS8_L84S and NSP12_A97V mutations showed a significant negative correlation to deaths per million. The NSP12_P323L and Spike_D614G mutations showed a positive correlation to the number of cases per million. In contrast, NS8_L84S and NSP12_A97V mutations showed a negative correlation to the number of cases per million. In addition, among the identified clades, none showed a significant correlation to CFR. The G, GR, GV, S clades showed a significant positive correlation to deaths per million. The GR and S clades showed a positive correlation to number of cases per million. The clades having the highest frequencies among continents were G, followed by GH and GR. These findings should be taken into consideration during epidemiological surveys of the virus and vaccine development.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/12/7/1061SARS-CoV-2COVID-19GISAIDdeaths per millioncases per millionSpearman’s correlation |
| spellingShingle | Wajdy J. Al-Awaida Baker Jawabrah Al Hourani Samer Swedan Refat Nimer Foad Alzoughool Hamzeh J. Al-Ameer Sara E. Al Tamam Raghad Alashqar Omar Al bawareed Yulia Gushchina Mohamed Samy Abousenna Amani Marwan Ayyash Ahmad Sharab Sulaiman M. Alnaimat Amer Imraish Muhanad W. Akash Najah R. Hadi Correlates of SARS-CoV-2 Variants on Deaths, Case Incidence and Case Fatality Ratio among the Continents for the Period of 1 December 2020 to 15 March 2021 Genes SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 GISAID deaths per million cases per million Spearman’s correlation |
| title | Correlates of SARS-CoV-2 Variants on Deaths, Case Incidence and Case Fatality Ratio among the Continents for the Period of 1 December 2020 to 15 March 2021 |
| title_full | Correlates of SARS-CoV-2 Variants on Deaths, Case Incidence and Case Fatality Ratio among the Continents for the Period of 1 December 2020 to 15 March 2021 |
| title_fullStr | Correlates of SARS-CoV-2 Variants on Deaths, Case Incidence and Case Fatality Ratio among the Continents for the Period of 1 December 2020 to 15 March 2021 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Correlates of SARS-CoV-2 Variants on Deaths, Case Incidence and Case Fatality Ratio among the Continents for the Period of 1 December 2020 to 15 March 2021 |
| title_short | Correlates of SARS-CoV-2 Variants on Deaths, Case Incidence and Case Fatality Ratio among the Continents for the Period of 1 December 2020 to 15 March 2021 |
| title_sort | correlates of sars cov 2 variants on deaths case incidence and case fatality ratio among the continents for the period of 1 december 2020 to 15 march 2021 |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 GISAID deaths per million cases per million Spearman’s correlation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/12/7/1061 |
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