Occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater and receiving waters in South Africa using LC-Orbitrap™ MS
There is continued interest in the occurrence and monitoring of emerging contaminants (ECs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to assess their potential impact when released into the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care prod...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
2020-01-01
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| Series: | Emerging Contaminants |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405665020300214 |
| _version_ | 1828969765691981824 |
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| author | Vimbai Mhuka Simiso Dube Mathew M. Nindi |
| author_facet | Vimbai Mhuka Simiso Dube Mathew M. Nindi |
| author_sort | Vimbai Mhuka |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | There is continued interest in the occurrence and monitoring of emerging contaminants (ECs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to assess their potential impact when released into the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in WWTP influents and effluents and receiving river waters in Pretoria, South Africa. Targeted screening and identification of PPCPs in the samples was done using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) Orbitrap™ HRMS, after clean-up and preconcentration with Waters Oasis® hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced (HLB) solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. Of the 156 target analytes screened in the study, 120 could be satisfactorily determined under the study conditions, with 71 and 73 compounds being detected and quantified in the influent and effluent samples, respectively. Concentrations in the influents ranged from < ILOQ-14.2 μg L−1 and those in the effluent from < ILOQ - 2.45 μg L−1. It was found that 84% of the quantified compounds belonged to various classes of pharmaceuticals. Ibuprofen, caffeine, paracetamol and estradiol were the major individual contaminants in influent samples with average concentrations of 14.2, 8.68, 4.79 and 1.02 μg L−1, respectively. In the effluent samples, the highest concentrations were recorded for estradiol (2.45 μg L−1), ibuprofen (1.03 μg L−1) and efavirenz (0.58 μg L−1). The highest mean concentrations (above 0.5 μg L−1) recorded in the river water samples were for ibuprofen, (4.14 μg L−1downstream; 3.19 μg L−1 upstream), caffeine (2.98 μg L−1 downstream; 1.42 μg L−1 upstream), paraxanthine (1.22 μg L−1 downstream; 0.798 μg L−1 upstream). Analysis of river water samples also revealed that PPCP contamination in the river system cannot be solely attributed to the WWTP effluents. Twenty-four compounds presented in this study are reported for the first time in South African surface waters. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T12:36:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a804fec2aaf04a5da4be2bb89c83c963 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-6650 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T12:36:47Z |
| publishDate | 2020-01-01 |
| publisher | KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Emerging Contaminants |
| spelling | doaj.art-a804fec2aaf04a5da4be2bb89c83c9632022-12-21T23:01:01ZengKeAi Communications Co., Ltd.Emerging Contaminants2405-66502020-01-016250258Occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater and receiving waters in South Africa using LC-Orbitrap™ MSVimbai Mhuka0Simiso Dube1Mathew M. Nindi2Department of Chemistry, The Science Campus, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Cnr Christiaan de Wet & Pioneer Avenue, Florida, 1709, South AfricaDepartment of Chemistry, The Science Campus, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Cnr Christiaan de Wet & Pioneer Avenue, Florida, 1709, South AfricaCorresponding author. Chemistry Department, The Science Campus, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, South Africa.; Department of Chemistry, The Science Campus, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Cnr Christiaan de Wet & Pioneer Avenue, Florida, 1709, South AfricaThere is continued interest in the occurrence and monitoring of emerging contaminants (ECs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to assess their potential impact when released into the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in WWTP influents and effluents and receiving river waters in Pretoria, South Africa. Targeted screening and identification of PPCPs in the samples was done using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) Orbitrap™ HRMS, after clean-up and preconcentration with Waters Oasis® hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced (HLB) solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. Of the 156 target analytes screened in the study, 120 could be satisfactorily determined under the study conditions, with 71 and 73 compounds being detected and quantified in the influent and effluent samples, respectively. Concentrations in the influents ranged from < ILOQ-14.2 μg L−1 and those in the effluent from < ILOQ - 2.45 μg L−1. It was found that 84% of the quantified compounds belonged to various classes of pharmaceuticals. Ibuprofen, caffeine, paracetamol and estradiol were the major individual contaminants in influent samples with average concentrations of 14.2, 8.68, 4.79 and 1.02 μg L−1, respectively. In the effluent samples, the highest concentrations were recorded for estradiol (2.45 μg L−1), ibuprofen (1.03 μg L−1) and efavirenz (0.58 μg L−1). The highest mean concentrations (above 0.5 μg L−1) recorded in the river water samples were for ibuprofen, (4.14 μg L−1downstream; 3.19 μg L−1 upstream), caffeine (2.98 μg L−1 downstream; 1.42 μg L−1 upstream), paraxanthine (1.22 μg L−1 downstream; 0.798 μg L−1 upstream). Analysis of river water samples also revealed that PPCP contamination in the river system cannot be solely attributed to the WWTP effluents. Twenty-four compounds presented in this study are reported for the first time in South African surface waters.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405665020300214Emerging contaminantsHigh resolution mass spectrometryOrbitrapPharmaceutical personal care productsEnvironmental waters |
| spellingShingle | Vimbai Mhuka Simiso Dube Mathew M. Nindi Occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater and receiving waters in South Africa using LC-Orbitrap™ MS Emerging Contaminants Emerging contaminants High resolution mass spectrometry Orbitrap Pharmaceutical personal care products Environmental waters |
| title | Occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater and receiving waters in South Africa using LC-Orbitrap™ MS |
| title_full | Occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater and receiving waters in South Africa using LC-Orbitrap™ MS |
| title_fullStr | Occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater and receiving waters in South Africa using LC-Orbitrap™ MS |
| title_full_unstemmed | Occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater and receiving waters in South Africa using LC-Orbitrap™ MS |
| title_short | Occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater and receiving waters in South Africa using LC-Orbitrap™ MS |
| title_sort | occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products ppcps in wastewater and receiving waters in south africa using lc orbitrap™ ms |
| topic | Emerging contaminants High resolution mass spectrometry Orbitrap Pharmaceutical personal care products Environmental waters |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405665020300214 |
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