<i>Leptospira</i> Status in Sweden during the Past Century, Neglected and Re-Emerging?
We compiled data on notified cases of leptospirosis in animals and humans in Sweden. Published studies on leptospirosis in humans and animals from the beginning of the 20th century onwards are summarized. During the Second World War, hundreds of leptospirosis cases in humans were reported in Sweden,...
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/8/1991 |
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| author | Tanja M. Strand Eva Olsson Engvall Elina Lahti Marika Hjertqvist Åke Lundkvist |
| author_facet | Tanja M. Strand Eva Olsson Engvall Elina Lahti Marika Hjertqvist Åke Lundkvist |
| author_sort | Tanja M. Strand |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We compiled data on notified cases of leptospirosis in animals and humans in Sweden. Published studies on leptospirosis in humans and animals from the beginning of the 20th century onwards are summarized. During the Second World War, hundreds of leptospirosis cases in humans were reported in Sweden, but since then, there have been only a few severe cases. Surveillance of leptospirosis in domestic animals demonstrates that the pathogen is still occurring. The occurrence of <i>Leptospira</i> in humans and animals in the other Nordic countries resembles that in Sweden. Leptospirosis is an underdiagnosed and underreported disease globally, both in animals and humans, partly due to the lack of simple, rapid diagnostic tools but possibly also due to the lack of awareness among physicians, veterinarians and nurses. Traditionally, leptospirosis has been mostly diagnosed by serology, but development of molecular methodshas improved the capability for correct diagnosis. As of today, leptospirosis is regarded as a relatively uncommon disease in the Nordic countries, but in some other countries, it is considered a neglected zoonosis or a (re-)emerging disease that may become more common in the future. Possible factors that could contribute to an increase in incidence are discussed in this review. Active surveillance of humans and domestic and wild animals and stringent rodent control in society and animal farms are of outmost importance for prevention. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:42:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a8214c971cea48678ef6b10dd8037156 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:42:55Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-a8214c971cea48678ef6b10dd80371562023-11-19T02:17:21ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072023-08-01118199110.3390/microorganisms11081991<i>Leptospira</i> Status in Sweden during the Past Century, Neglected and Re-Emerging?Tanja M. Strand0Eva Olsson Engvall1Elina Lahti2Marika Hjertqvist3Åke Lundkvist4National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, SwedenZoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, SwedenNational Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, SwedenDepartment of Communicable Disease Control and Health Protection, Public Health Agency of Sweden, SE-171 82 Solna, SwedenZoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, SwedenWe compiled data on notified cases of leptospirosis in animals and humans in Sweden. Published studies on leptospirosis in humans and animals from the beginning of the 20th century onwards are summarized. During the Second World War, hundreds of leptospirosis cases in humans were reported in Sweden, but since then, there have been only a few severe cases. Surveillance of leptospirosis in domestic animals demonstrates that the pathogen is still occurring. The occurrence of <i>Leptospira</i> in humans and animals in the other Nordic countries resembles that in Sweden. Leptospirosis is an underdiagnosed and underreported disease globally, both in animals and humans, partly due to the lack of simple, rapid diagnostic tools but possibly also due to the lack of awareness among physicians, veterinarians and nurses. Traditionally, leptospirosis has been mostly diagnosed by serology, but development of molecular methodshas improved the capability for correct diagnosis. As of today, leptospirosis is regarded as a relatively uncommon disease in the Nordic countries, but in some other countries, it is considered a neglected zoonosis or a (re-)emerging disease that may become more common in the future. Possible factors that could contribute to an increase in incidence are discussed in this review. Active surveillance of humans and domestic and wild animals and stringent rodent control in society and animal farms are of outmost importance for prevention.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/8/1991<i>Leptospira</i>surveillancezoonosismicroscopic agglutination testOne Health |
| spellingShingle | Tanja M. Strand Eva Olsson Engvall Elina Lahti Marika Hjertqvist Åke Lundkvist <i>Leptospira</i> Status in Sweden during the Past Century, Neglected and Re-Emerging? Microorganisms <i>Leptospira</i> surveillance zoonosis microscopic agglutination test One Health |
| title | <i>Leptospira</i> Status in Sweden during the Past Century, Neglected and Re-Emerging? |
| title_full | <i>Leptospira</i> Status in Sweden during the Past Century, Neglected and Re-Emerging? |
| title_fullStr | <i>Leptospira</i> Status in Sweden during the Past Century, Neglected and Re-Emerging? |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Leptospira</i> Status in Sweden during the Past Century, Neglected and Re-Emerging? |
| title_short | <i>Leptospira</i> Status in Sweden during the Past Century, Neglected and Re-Emerging? |
| title_sort | i leptospira i status in sweden during the past century neglected and re emerging |
| topic | <i>Leptospira</i> surveillance zoonosis microscopic agglutination test One Health |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/8/1991 |
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