Chemical characterization of fine particulate matter emitted by peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, during the 2015 El Niño
Fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) was collected in situ from peat smoke during the 2015 El Niño peat fire episode in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Twenty-one PM samples were collected from 18 peat fire plumes that were primarily smoldering with modified combustion efficiency...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Copernicus Publications
2018-02-01
|
| Series: | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| Online Access: | https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/18/2585/2018/acp-18-2585-2018.pdf |
| _version_ | 1828160537105530880 |
|---|---|
| author | T. Jayarathne C. E. Stockwell A. A. Gilbert K. Daugherty M. A. Cochrane K. C. Ryan E. I. Putra E. I. Putra B. H. Saharjo A. D. Nurhayati I. Albar I. Albar R. J. Yokelson E. A. Stone E. A. Stone |
| author_facet | T. Jayarathne C. E. Stockwell A. A. Gilbert K. Daugherty M. A. Cochrane K. C. Ryan E. I. Putra E. I. Putra B. H. Saharjo A. D. Nurhayati I. Albar I. Albar R. J. Yokelson E. A. Stone E. A. Stone |
| author_sort | T. Jayarathne |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) was collected in
situ from peat smoke during the 2015 El Niño peat fire episode in Central
Kalimantan, Indonesia. Twenty-one PM samples were collected from 18 peat fire
plumes that were primarily smoldering with modified combustion efficiency
(MCE) values of 0.725–0.833. PM emissions were determined and chemically
characterized for elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), water-soluble
OC, water-soluble ions, metals, and organic species. Fuel-based PM<sub>2.5</sub>
mass emission factors (EFs) ranged from 6.0 to 29.6 g kg<sup>−1</sup> with an
average of 17.3 ± 6.0 g kg<sup>−1</sup>. EC was detected only in 15 plumes
and comprised ∼ 1 % of PM mass. Together, OC (72 %), EC
(1 %), water-soluble ions (1 %), and metal oxides (0.1 %) comprised 74 ± 11 % of gravimetrically measured PM mass. Assuming that the remaining
mass is due to elements that form organic matter (OM; i.e., elements O, H, N)
an OM-to-OC conversion factor of 1.26 was estimated by linear regression.
Overall, chemical speciation revealed the following characteristics of peat-burning emissions: high OC mass fractions (72 %), primarily water-insoluble
OC (84 ± 11 %C), low EC mass fractions (1 %), vanillic to syringic
acid ratios of 1.9, and relatively high <i>n</i>-alkane contributions to OC
(6.2 %C) with a carbon preference index of 1.2–1.6. Comparison to
laboratory studies of peat combustion revealed similarities in the relative
composition of PM but greater differences in the absolute EF values. The EFs
developed herein, combined with estimates of the mass of peat burned, are
used to estimate that 3.2–11 Tg of PM<sub>2.5</sub> was emitted to atmosphere
during the 2015 El Niño peatland fire event in Indonesia. Combined with
gas-phase measurements of CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, CH<sub>4</sub>, and volatile organic carbon from Stockwell et
al. (2016), it is determined that OC and EC accounted
for 2.1 and 0.04 % of
total carbon emissions, respectively. These in situ EFs can be used to
improve the accuracy of the representation of Indonesian peat burning in
emission inventories and receptor-based models. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T00:22:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a82c89025fc145ae83a3437c5743dace |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1680-7316 1680-7324 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T00:22:31Z |
| publishDate | 2018-02-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| spelling | doaj.art-a82c89025fc145ae83a3437c5743dace2022-12-22T03:55:41ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242018-02-01182585260010.5194/acp-18-2585-2018Chemical characterization of fine particulate matter emitted by peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, during the 2015 El NiñoT. Jayarathne0C. E. Stockwell1A. A. Gilbert2K. Daugherty3M. A. Cochrane4K. C. Ryan5E. I. Putra6E. I. Putra7B. H. Saharjo8A. D. Nurhayati9I. Albar10I. Albar11R. J. Yokelson12E. A. Stone13E. A. Stone14University of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, Iowa City, IA 52242, USAUniversity of Montana, Department of Chemistry, Missoula, MT 59812, USAUniversity of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, Iowa City, IA 52242, USAUniversity of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, Iowa City, IA 52242, USAAppalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, MD 21532, USAFireTree Wildland Fire Sciences, L.L.C., Missoula, MT 59801, USAAppalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, MD 21532, USABogor Agricultural University, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor 16680, IndonesiaBogor Agricultural University, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor 16680, IndonesiaBogor Agricultural University, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor 16680, IndonesiaBogor Agricultural University, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor 16680, Indonesianow at: Directorate General of Climate Change, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Jakarta 10270, IndonesiaUniversity of Montana, Department of Chemistry, Missoula, MT 59812, USAUniversity of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, Iowa City, IA 52242, USAUniversity of Iowa, Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Iowa City, IA 52242, USAFine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) was collected in situ from peat smoke during the 2015 El Niño peat fire episode in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Twenty-one PM samples were collected from 18 peat fire plumes that were primarily smoldering with modified combustion efficiency (MCE) values of 0.725–0.833. PM emissions were determined and chemically characterized for elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), water-soluble OC, water-soluble ions, metals, and organic species. Fuel-based PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass emission factors (EFs) ranged from 6.0 to 29.6 g kg<sup>−1</sup> with an average of 17.3 ± 6.0 g kg<sup>−1</sup>. EC was detected only in 15 plumes and comprised ∼ 1 % of PM mass. Together, OC (72 %), EC (1 %), water-soluble ions (1 %), and metal oxides (0.1 %) comprised 74 ± 11 % of gravimetrically measured PM mass. Assuming that the remaining mass is due to elements that form organic matter (OM; i.e., elements O, H, N) an OM-to-OC conversion factor of 1.26 was estimated by linear regression. Overall, chemical speciation revealed the following characteristics of peat-burning emissions: high OC mass fractions (72 %), primarily water-insoluble OC (84 ± 11 %C), low EC mass fractions (1 %), vanillic to syringic acid ratios of 1.9, and relatively high <i>n</i>-alkane contributions to OC (6.2 %C) with a carbon preference index of 1.2–1.6. Comparison to laboratory studies of peat combustion revealed similarities in the relative composition of PM but greater differences in the absolute EF values. The EFs developed herein, combined with estimates of the mass of peat burned, are used to estimate that 3.2–11 Tg of PM<sub>2.5</sub> was emitted to atmosphere during the 2015 El Niño peatland fire event in Indonesia. Combined with gas-phase measurements of CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, CH<sub>4</sub>, and volatile organic carbon from Stockwell et al. (2016), it is determined that OC and EC accounted for 2.1 and 0.04 % of total carbon emissions, respectively. These in situ EFs can be used to improve the accuracy of the representation of Indonesian peat burning in emission inventories and receptor-based models.https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/18/2585/2018/acp-18-2585-2018.pdf |
| spellingShingle | T. Jayarathne C. E. Stockwell A. A. Gilbert K. Daugherty M. A. Cochrane K. C. Ryan E. I. Putra E. I. Putra B. H. Saharjo A. D. Nurhayati I. Albar I. Albar R. J. Yokelson E. A. Stone E. A. Stone Chemical characterization of fine particulate matter emitted by peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, during the 2015 El Niño Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| title | Chemical characterization of fine particulate matter emitted by peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, during the 2015 El Niño |
| title_full | Chemical characterization of fine particulate matter emitted by peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, during the 2015 El Niño |
| title_fullStr | Chemical characterization of fine particulate matter emitted by peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, during the 2015 El Niño |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical characterization of fine particulate matter emitted by peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, during the 2015 El Niño |
| title_short | Chemical characterization of fine particulate matter emitted by peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, during the 2015 El Niño |
| title_sort | chemical characterization of fine particulate matter emitted by peat fires in central kalimantan indonesia during the 2015 el nino |
| url | https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/18/2585/2018/acp-18-2585-2018.pdf |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tjayarathne chemicalcharacterizationoffineparticulatematteremittedbypeatfiresincentralkalimantanindonesiaduringthe2015elnino AT cestockwell chemicalcharacterizationoffineparticulatematteremittedbypeatfiresincentralkalimantanindonesiaduringthe2015elnino AT aagilbert chemicalcharacterizationoffineparticulatematteremittedbypeatfiresincentralkalimantanindonesiaduringthe2015elnino AT kdaugherty chemicalcharacterizationoffineparticulatematteremittedbypeatfiresincentralkalimantanindonesiaduringthe2015elnino AT macochrane chemicalcharacterizationoffineparticulatematteremittedbypeatfiresincentralkalimantanindonesiaduringthe2015elnino AT kcryan chemicalcharacterizationoffineparticulatematteremittedbypeatfiresincentralkalimantanindonesiaduringthe2015elnino AT eiputra chemicalcharacterizationoffineparticulatematteremittedbypeatfiresincentralkalimantanindonesiaduringthe2015elnino AT eiputra chemicalcharacterizationoffineparticulatematteremittedbypeatfiresincentralkalimantanindonesiaduringthe2015elnino AT bhsaharjo chemicalcharacterizationoffineparticulatematteremittedbypeatfiresincentralkalimantanindonesiaduringthe2015elnino AT adnurhayati chemicalcharacterizationoffineparticulatematteremittedbypeatfiresincentralkalimantanindonesiaduringthe2015elnino AT ialbar chemicalcharacterizationoffineparticulatematteremittedbypeatfiresincentralkalimantanindonesiaduringthe2015elnino AT ialbar chemicalcharacterizationoffineparticulatematteremittedbypeatfiresincentralkalimantanindonesiaduringthe2015elnino AT rjyokelson chemicalcharacterizationoffineparticulatematteremittedbypeatfiresincentralkalimantanindonesiaduringthe2015elnino AT eastone chemicalcharacterizationoffineparticulatematteremittedbypeatfiresincentralkalimantanindonesiaduringthe2015elnino AT eastone chemicalcharacterizationoffineparticulatematteremittedbypeatfiresincentralkalimantanindonesiaduringthe2015elnino |