Treatment of ADHD: Drugs, psychological therapies, devices, complementary and alternative methods as well as the trends in clinical trials
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders having a high influence on social interactions. The number of approved treatments and clinical trials for ADHD have increased markedly during the recent decade. This analytical review provides a qu...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Pharmacology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.1066988/full |
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| author | Victoria A. Nazarova Aleksandr V. Sokolov Vladimir N. Chubarev Vadim V. Tarasov Helgi B. Schiöth |
| author_facet | Victoria A. Nazarova Aleksandr V. Sokolov Vladimir N. Chubarev Vadim V. Tarasov Helgi B. Schiöth |
| author_sort | Victoria A. Nazarova |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders having a high influence on social interactions. The number of approved treatments and clinical trials for ADHD have increased markedly during the recent decade. This analytical review provides a quantitative overview of the existing pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods of ADHD treatments investigated in clinical trials during 1999–2021. A total of 695 interventional trials were manually assessed from clinicaltrial.gov with the search term « ADHD», and trial data has been used for analysis. A clear majority of the studies investigated non-pharmacological therapies (∼80%), including many behavioral options, such as social skills training, sleep and physical activity interventions, meditation and hypnotherapy. Devices, complementary and other alternative methods of ADHD treatment are also gaining attention. The pharmacological group accounts for ∼20% of all the studies. The most common drug classes include central nervous system stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate hydrochloride, lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, amphetamine sulfate, mixed amphetamine salts, a combination of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride and serdexmethylphenidate chloride), selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (atomoxetine, viloxazine), and alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonists (guanfacine hydrochloride, clonidine hydrochloride). Several studies investigated antidepressants (e.g., bupropion hydrochloride, vortioxetine), and atypical antipsychotics (e.g., quetiapine, aripiprazole) but these are yet not approved by the FDA for ADHD treatment. We discuss the quantitative trends in clinical trials and provide an overview of the new drug agents and non-pharmacological therapies, drug targets, and novel treatment options. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T09:08:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a83d1740cffa466d85ec8e56d3c17a5a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1663-9812 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T09:08:16Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Pharmacology |
| spelling | doaj.art-a83d1740cffa466d85ec8e56d3c17a5a2022-12-22T02:52:56ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Pharmacology1663-98122022-11-011310.3389/fphar.2022.10669881066988Treatment of ADHD: Drugs, psychological therapies, devices, complementary and alternative methods as well as the trends in clinical trialsVictoria A. Nazarova0Aleksandr V. Sokolov1Vladimir N. Chubarev2Vadim V. Tarasov3Helgi B. Schiöth4Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SwedenDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SwedenAdvanced Molecular Technology LLC, Moscow, RussiaAdvanced Molecular Technology LLC, Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SwedenAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders having a high influence on social interactions. The number of approved treatments and clinical trials for ADHD have increased markedly during the recent decade. This analytical review provides a quantitative overview of the existing pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods of ADHD treatments investigated in clinical trials during 1999–2021. A total of 695 interventional trials were manually assessed from clinicaltrial.gov with the search term « ADHD», and trial data has been used for analysis. A clear majority of the studies investigated non-pharmacological therapies (∼80%), including many behavioral options, such as social skills training, sleep and physical activity interventions, meditation and hypnotherapy. Devices, complementary and other alternative methods of ADHD treatment are also gaining attention. The pharmacological group accounts for ∼20% of all the studies. The most common drug classes include central nervous system stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate hydrochloride, lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, amphetamine sulfate, mixed amphetamine salts, a combination of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride and serdexmethylphenidate chloride), selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (atomoxetine, viloxazine), and alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonists (guanfacine hydrochloride, clonidine hydrochloride). Several studies investigated antidepressants (e.g., bupropion hydrochloride, vortioxetine), and atypical antipsychotics (e.g., quetiapine, aripiprazole) but these are yet not approved by the FDA for ADHD treatment. We discuss the quantitative trends in clinical trials and provide an overview of the new drug agents and non-pharmacological therapies, drug targets, and novel treatment options.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.1066988/fullADHDtreatmentpharmacologicalnon-pharmacologicaltrialsstimulants |
| spellingShingle | Victoria A. Nazarova Aleksandr V. Sokolov Vladimir N. Chubarev Vadim V. Tarasov Helgi B. Schiöth Treatment of ADHD: Drugs, psychological therapies, devices, complementary and alternative methods as well as the trends in clinical trials Frontiers in Pharmacology ADHD treatment pharmacological non-pharmacological trials stimulants |
| title | Treatment of ADHD: Drugs, psychological therapies, devices, complementary and alternative methods as well as the trends in clinical trials |
| title_full | Treatment of ADHD: Drugs, psychological therapies, devices, complementary and alternative methods as well as the trends in clinical trials |
| title_fullStr | Treatment of ADHD: Drugs, psychological therapies, devices, complementary and alternative methods as well as the trends in clinical trials |
| title_full_unstemmed | Treatment of ADHD: Drugs, psychological therapies, devices, complementary and alternative methods as well as the trends in clinical trials |
| title_short | Treatment of ADHD: Drugs, psychological therapies, devices, complementary and alternative methods as well as the trends in clinical trials |
| title_sort | treatment of adhd drugs psychological therapies devices complementary and alternative methods as well as the trends in clinical trials |
| topic | ADHD treatment pharmacological non-pharmacological trials stimulants |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.1066988/full |
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