Wastewater Characterization of Chiniot Drain and Evaluation of Groundwater Contamination Using Water Quality Index (WQI) and GIS Techniques
Groundwater pollution is considered a major concern in today’s world. Most industries in Pakistan produce untreated wastewater, extracting from and contaminating a nearby water source and the soil. This study was conducted in the Nithar Ke area of Chiniot District to assess the impact of the flow of...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Pollutants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4672/3/1/3 |
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| author | Anam Maqsood Haroon Rashid Shahbaz Nasir Khan Abdul Nasir Nafeesa Aman Ahsan Saif Ullah Ahmad Rana Ammar Aslam Hafiz Muhammad Safdar Khan Muhammad Umar Akbar |
| author_facet | Anam Maqsood Haroon Rashid Shahbaz Nasir Khan Abdul Nasir Nafeesa Aman Ahsan Saif Ullah Ahmad Rana Ammar Aslam Hafiz Muhammad Safdar Khan Muhammad Umar Akbar |
| author_sort | Anam Maqsood |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Groundwater pollution is considered a major concern in today’s world. Most industries in Pakistan produce untreated wastewater, extracting from and contaminating a nearby water source and the soil. This study was conducted in the Nithar Ke area of Chiniot District to assess the impact of the flow of wastewater over the area on groundwater quality. It aimed to: (1) investigate the conditions of industrial wastewater; (2) study the spatial variability of different parameters in groundwater using a GIS map; and (3) check the appropriateness of groundwater for drinking purposes using the water quality index (WQI). Physical and chemical characteristics, including pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, TSS, CO<sub>3</sub>, HCO<sub>3</sub>, chlorides, alkalinity, total hardness, Ca, Mg, arsenic, copper, chromium, nickel, iron, manganese, and sulfate, were tested using groundwater samples, and variance in groundwater was analyzed using a GIS (geographic information system). The water quality index (WQI) was developed for the Nithar Ke area to determine the appropriateness of the groundwater for drinking purposes. WQI values were determined within the range of 41 to 89.5, which showed a poor to good water quality. It was discovered that parameters such as BOD, COD, iron, and TDS had average concentrations of 192 mg/L, 264 mg/L, 2.62 mg/L, and 6039 mg/L, respectively, in the polluted water, which exceeded the permissible limit. Iron and manganese were the most common contaminants found in that area. The biplot and correlation circle showed that iron and turbidity had a positive relationship. Further study on soil stratification and soil characteristics is recommended in this area for a detailed analysis of the causes of metal contamination. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:00:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a84719162fc841e6a834d44570cf5795 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2673-4672 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:00:28Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pollutants |
| spelling | doaj.art-a84719162fc841e6a834d44570cf57952023-11-17T13:23:51ZengMDPI AGPollutants2673-46722023-01-0131274210.3390/pollutants3010003Wastewater Characterization of Chiniot Drain and Evaluation of Groundwater Contamination Using Water Quality Index (WQI) and GIS TechniquesAnam Maqsood0Haroon Rashid1Shahbaz Nasir Khan2Abdul Nasir3Nafeesa Aman4Ahsan Saif Ullah5Ahmad6Rana Ammar Aslam7Hafiz Muhammad Safdar Khan8Muhammad Umar Akbar9Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agricultural Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanDepartment of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, PakistanDepartment of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agricultural Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanDepartment of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agricultural Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanDepartment of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agricultural Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanDepartment of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agricultural Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanDepartment of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agricultural Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanDepartment of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agricultural Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanDepartment of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agricultural Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanDepartment of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USAGroundwater pollution is considered a major concern in today’s world. Most industries in Pakistan produce untreated wastewater, extracting from and contaminating a nearby water source and the soil. This study was conducted in the Nithar Ke area of Chiniot District to assess the impact of the flow of wastewater over the area on groundwater quality. It aimed to: (1) investigate the conditions of industrial wastewater; (2) study the spatial variability of different parameters in groundwater using a GIS map; and (3) check the appropriateness of groundwater for drinking purposes using the water quality index (WQI). Physical and chemical characteristics, including pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, TSS, CO<sub>3</sub>, HCO<sub>3</sub>, chlorides, alkalinity, total hardness, Ca, Mg, arsenic, copper, chromium, nickel, iron, manganese, and sulfate, were tested using groundwater samples, and variance in groundwater was analyzed using a GIS (geographic information system). The water quality index (WQI) was developed for the Nithar Ke area to determine the appropriateness of the groundwater for drinking purposes. WQI values were determined within the range of 41 to 89.5, which showed a poor to good water quality. It was discovered that parameters such as BOD, COD, iron, and TDS had average concentrations of 192 mg/L, 264 mg/L, 2.62 mg/L, and 6039 mg/L, respectively, in the polluted water, which exceeded the permissible limit. Iron and manganese were the most common contaminants found in that area. The biplot and correlation circle showed that iron and turbidity had a positive relationship. Further study on soil stratification and soil characteristics is recommended in this area for a detailed analysis of the causes of metal contamination.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4672/3/1/3groundwaterphysiochemical parametersheavy metalironmanganeseWQI |
| spellingShingle | Anam Maqsood Haroon Rashid Shahbaz Nasir Khan Abdul Nasir Nafeesa Aman Ahsan Saif Ullah Ahmad Rana Ammar Aslam Hafiz Muhammad Safdar Khan Muhammad Umar Akbar Wastewater Characterization of Chiniot Drain and Evaluation of Groundwater Contamination Using Water Quality Index (WQI) and GIS Techniques Pollutants groundwater physiochemical parameters heavy metal iron manganese WQI |
| title | Wastewater Characterization of Chiniot Drain and Evaluation of Groundwater Contamination Using Water Quality Index (WQI) and GIS Techniques |
| title_full | Wastewater Characterization of Chiniot Drain and Evaluation of Groundwater Contamination Using Water Quality Index (WQI) and GIS Techniques |
| title_fullStr | Wastewater Characterization of Chiniot Drain and Evaluation of Groundwater Contamination Using Water Quality Index (WQI) and GIS Techniques |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wastewater Characterization of Chiniot Drain and Evaluation of Groundwater Contamination Using Water Quality Index (WQI) and GIS Techniques |
| title_short | Wastewater Characterization of Chiniot Drain and Evaluation of Groundwater Contamination Using Water Quality Index (WQI) and GIS Techniques |
| title_sort | wastewater characterization of chiniot drain and evaluation of groundwater contamination using water quality index wqi and gis techniques |
| topic | groundwater physiochemical parameters heavy metal iron manganese WQI |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4672/3/1/3 |
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