Generalization of Soundings across Scales: From DTM to Harbour and Approach Nautical Charts
This paper presents an integrated digital methodology for the generalization of soundings. The input for the sounding generalization procedure is a high resolution Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and the output is a sounding data set appropriate for portrayal on harbour and approach Electronic Navigatio...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-11-01
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| Series: | ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/11/693 |
| _version_ | 1797547356921528320 |
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| author | Andriani Skopeliti Leda Stamou Lysandros Tsoulos Shachak Pe’eri |
| author_facet | Andriani Skopeliti Leda Stamou Lysandros Tsoulos Shachak Pe’eri |
| author_sort | Andriani Skopeliti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper presents an integrated digital methodology for the generalization of soundings. The input for the sounding generalization procedure is a high resolution Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and the output is a sounding data set appropriate for portrayal on harbour and approach Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs). The sounding generalization procedure follows the “ladder approach” that is a requisite for the portrayal of soundings on nautical charts, i.e., any sounding portrayed on a smaller scale chart should also be depicted on larger scale charts. A rhomboidal fishnet is used as a supportive reference structure based on the cartographic guidance for soundings to display a rhombus pattern on nautical charts. The rhomboidal fishnet cell size is defined by the depth range and the compilation scale of the charted area. Generalization is based on a number of rules and constraints extracted from International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) standards, hydrographic offices’ best practices and the cartographic literature. The sounding generalization procedure can be implemented using basic geoprocessing functions available in the most commonly used Geographic Information System (GIS) environments. A case study was performed in the New York Lower Bay area based on a high resolution National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) DTM. The method successfully produced generalized soundings for a number of Harbour and Approach nautical charts at 10 K, 20 K, 40 K and 80 K scales. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:43:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a868568aa6c64325902389fb5aeec388 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2220-9964 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:43:08Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information |
| spelling | doaj.art-a868568aa6c64325902389fb5aeec3882023-11-20T21:39:56ZengMDPI AGISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information2220-99642020-11-0191169310.3390/ijgi9110693Generalization of Soundings across Scales: From DTM to Harbour and Approach Nautical ChartsAndriani Skopeliti0Leda Stamou1Lysandros Tsoulos2Shachak Pe’eri3Cartography Laboratory, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, GreeceCartography Laboratory, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, GreeceCartography Laboratory, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, GreeceNational Ocean Service, NOAA Office of Coast Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USAThis paper presents an integrated digital methodology for the generalization of soundings. The input for the sounding generalization procedure is a high resolution Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and the output is a sounding data set appropriate for portrayal on harbour and approach Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs). The sounding generalization procedure follows the “ladder approach” that is a requisite for the portrayal of soundings on nautical charts, i.e., any sounding portrayed on a smaller scale chart should also be depicted on larger scale charts. A rhomboidal fishnet is used as a supportive reference structure based on the cartographic guidance for soundings to display a rhombus pattern on nautical charts. The rhomboidal fishnet cell size is defined by the depth range and the compilation scale of the charted area. Generalization is based on a number of rules and constraints extracted from International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) standards, hydrographic offices’ best practices and the cartographic literature. The sounding generalization procedure can be implemented using basic geoprocessing functions available in the most commonly used Geographic Information System (GIS) environments. A case study was performed in the New York Lower Bay area based on a high resolution National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) DTM. The method successfully produced generalized soundings for a number of Harbour and Approach nautical charts at 10 K, 20 K, 40 K and 80 K scales.https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/11/693soundingsgeneralizationnautical chartsoundings selectionENCElectronic Navigational Chart |
| spellingShingle | Andriani Skopeliti Leda Stamou Lysandros Tsoulos Shachak Pe’eri Generalization of Soundings across Scales: From DTM to Harbour and Approach Nautical Charts ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information soundings generalization nautical chart soundings selection ENC Electronic Navigational Chart |
| title | Generalization of Soundings across Scales: From DTM to Harbour and Approach Nautical Charts |
| title_full | Generalization of Soundings across Scales: From DTM to Harbour and Approach Nautical Charts |
| title_fullStr | Generalization of Soundings across Scales: From DTM to Harbour and Approach Nautical Charts |
| title_full_unstemmed | Generalization of Soundings across Scales: From DTM to Harbour and Approach Nautical Charts |
| title_short | Generalization of Soundings across Scales: From DTM to Harbour and Approach Nautical Charts |
| title_sort | generalization of soundings across scales from dtm to harbour and approach nautical charts |
| topic | soundings generalization nautical chart soundings selection ENC Electronic Navigational Chart |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/11/693 |
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