The Role of Environmental Conditions on Master Marathon Running Performance in 1,280,557 Finishers the ‘New York City Marathon’ From 1970 to 2019
Aim: This study investigated the influence of weather conditions on running performance in female and male age group runners in the largest marathon in the world, the “New York City Marathon.”Methods: The analysis included data from 1,280,557 finishers the “New York City Marathon” from the years 197...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Physiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.665761/full |
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| author | Beat Knechtle Beat Knechtle Carlyn McGrath Olivia Goncerz Elias Villiger Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis Thimo Marcin Caio Victor Sousa |
| author_facet | Beat Knechtle Beat Knechtle Carlyn McGrath Olivia Goncerz Elias Villiger Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis Thimo Marcin Caio Victor Sousa |
| author_sort | Beat Knechtle |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Aim: This study investigated the influence of weather conditions on running performance in female and male age group runners in the largest marathon in the world, the “New York City Marathon.”Methods: The analysis included data from 1,280,557 finishers the “New York City Marathon” from the years 1970 to 2019. Linear mixed models for men and women finishers with race time (min) as dependent variable and 5-year age groups, temperature, wind and relative humidity tertiles (low, medium, high) as independent factors and finisher as random intercept was performed. Additional models with an interaction between age groups and one weather variable each were performed.Results: Temperature was positively associated with race time while wind speed and humidity were negatively associated (p < 0.001). Men were significantly greater affected wind speed and humidity than women (p < 0.001 for interaction) but not by temperature (p = 0.17 for interaction). With an average of 8 min longer race time, high temperature had the greatest effect on race time. The effect of high humidity on race time was significantly increased in 40–59 years old men and 25–65 years old women. High temperatures had an increased effect on race time in 30–64 years old men and 40–64 years old women. The inverse association between race time and high wind speed was pronounced in finishers with younger age.Conclusion: Performance was lower on days with high temperature, low humidity and low wind speed. Men seemed to benefit more from higher humidity and wind speed than women. Aged (70 +) finishers were not greater affected by high temperatures. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T18:13:36Z |
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| id | doaj.art-a8803b2ee6084e55a4bfd2421cded5bb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-042X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T18:13:36Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Physiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-a8803b2ee6084e55a4bfd2421cded5bb2022-12-21T22:52:13ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Physiology1664-042X2021-05-011210.3389/fphys.2021.665761665761The Role of Environmental Conditions on Master Marathon Running Performance in 1,280,557 Finishers the ‘New York City Marathon’ From 1970 to 2019Beat Knechtle0Beat Knechtle1Carlyn McGrath2Olivia Goncerz3Elias Villiger4Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis5Thimo Marcin6Caio Victor Sousa7Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, SwitzerlandMedbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, SwitzerlandBouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United StatesBouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United StatesMedbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, SwitzerlandExercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia, GreeceResearch Department, Berner Reha Zentrum, Bern, SwitzerlandBouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United StatesAim: This study investigated the influence of weather conditions on running performance in female and male age group runners in the largest marathon in the world, the “New York City Marathon.”Methods: The analysis included data from 1,280,557 finishers the “New York City Marathon” from the years 1970 to 2019. Linear mixed models for men and women finishers with race time (min) as dependent variable and 5-year age groups, temperature, wind and relative humidity tertiles (low, medium, high) as independent factors and finisher as random intercept was performed. Additional models with an interaction between age groups and one weather variable each were performed.Results: Temperature was positively associated with race time while wind speed and humidity were negatively associated (p < 0.001). Men were significantly greater affected wind speed and humidity than women (p < 0.001 for interaction) but not by temperature (p = 0.17 for interaction). With an average of 8 min longer race time, high temperature had the greatest effect on race time. The effect of high humidity on race time was significantly increased in 40–59 years old men and 25–65 years old women. High temperatures had an increased effect on race time in 30–64 years old men and 40–64 years old women. The inverse association between race time and high wind speed was pronounced in finishers with younger age.Conclusion: Performance was lower on days with high temperature, low humidity and low wind speed. Men seemed to benefit more from higher humidity and wind speed than women. Aged (70 +) finishers were not greater affected by high temperatures.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.665761/fullrunningelderly athleteperformanceenvironmental conditionsweather |
| spellingShingle | Beat Knechtle Beat Knechtle Carlyn McGrath Olivia Goncerz Elias Villiger Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis Thimo Marcin Caio Victor Sousa The Role of Environmental Conditions on Master Marathon Running Performance in 1,280,557 Finishers the ‘New York City Marathon’ From 1970 to 2019 Frontiers in Physiology running elderly athlete performance environmental conditions weather |
| title | The Role of Environmental Conditions on Master Marathon Running Performance in 1,280,557 Finishers the ‘New York City Marathon’ From 1970 to 2019 |
| title_full | The Role of Environmental Conditions on Master Marathon Running Performance in 1,280,557 Finishers the ‘New York City Marathon’ From 1970 to 2019 |
| title_fullStr | The Role of Environmental Conditions on Master Marathon Running Performance in 1,280,557 Finishers the ‘New York City Marathon’ From 1970 to 2019 |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Environmental Conditions on Master Marathon Running Performance in 1,280,557 Finishers the ‘New York City Marathon’ From 1970 to 2019 |
| title_short | The Role of Environmental Conditions on Master Marathon Running Performance in 1,280,557 Finishers the ‘New York City Marathon’ From 1970 to 2019 |
| title_sort | role of environmental conditions on master marathon running performance in 1 280 557 finishers the new york city marathon from 1970 to 2019 |
| topic | running elderly athlete performance environmental conditions weather |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.665761/full |
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