Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Isoforms: Their Clinical Implications, Utilisation in Diagnosis, Prevention and New Antiviral Strategies
The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is a multifunctional glycoprotein composed of large (LHB), middle (MHB), and small (SHB) subunits. HBsAg isoforms have numerous biological functions during HBV infection—from initial and specific viral attachment to the hepatocytes to initiating chronic infect...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/1/46 |
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| author | Ivana Lazarevic Ana Banko Danijela Miljanovic Maja Cupic |
| author_facet | Ivana Lazarevic Ana Banko Danijela Miljanovic Maja Cupic |
| author_sort | Ivana Lazarevic |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is a multifunctional glycoprotein composed of large (LHB), middle (MHB), and small (SHB) subunits. HBsAg isoforms have numerous biological functions during HBV infection—from initial and specific viral attachment to the hepatocytes to initiating chronic infection with their immunomodulatory properties. The genetic variability of HBsAg isoforms may play a role in several HBV-related liver phases and clinical manifestations, from occult hepatitis and viral reactivation upon immunosuppression to fulminant hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Their immunogenic properties make them a major target for developing HBV vaccines, and in recent years they have been recognised as valuable targets for new therapeutic approaches. Initial research has already shown promising results in utilising HBsAg isoforms instead of quantitative HBsAg for correctly evaluating chronic infection phases and predicting functional cures. The ratio between surface components was shown to indicate specific outcomes of HBV and HDV infections. Thus, besides traditional HBsAg detection and quantitation, HBsAg isoform quantitation can become a useful non-invasive biomarker for assessing chronically infected patients. This review summarises the current knowledge of HBsAg isoforms, their potential usefulness and aspects deserving further research. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:38:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a88421242a694e8c87212266c4681712 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:38:40Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-a88421242a694e8c87212266c46817122024-01-26T18:03:25ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172024-01-011314610.3390/pathogens13010046Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Isoforms: Their Clinical Implications, Utilisation in Diagnosis, Prevention and New Antiviral StrategiesIvana Lazarevic0Ana Banko1Danijela Miljanovic2Maja Cupic3Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaThe hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is a multifunctional glycoprotein composed of large (LHB), middle (MHB), and small (SHB) subunits. HBsAg isoforms have numerous biological functions during HBV infection—from initial and specific viral attachment to the hepatocytes to initiating chronic infection with their immunomodulatory properties. The genetic variability of HBsAg isoforms may play a role in several HBV-related liver phases and clinical manifestations, from occult hepatitis and viral reactivation upon immunosuppression to fulminant hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Their immunogenic properties make them a major target for developing HBV vaccines, and in recent years they have been recognised as valuable targets for new therapeutic approaches. Initial research has already shown promising results in utilising HBsAg isoforms instead of quantitative HBsAg for correctly evaluating chronic infection phases and predicting functional cures. The ratio between surface components was shown to indicate specific outcomes of HBV and HDV infections. Thus, besides traditional HBsAg detection and quantitation, HBsAg isoform quantitation can become a useful non-invasive biomarker for assessing chronically infected patients. This review summarises the current knowledge of HBsAg isoforms, their potential usefulness and aspects deserving further research.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/1/46hepatitis B virus (HBV)HBsAg isoformslarge surface protein (LHB)middle surface protein (MHB)small surface protein (SHB)mutation |
| spellingShingle | Ivana Lazarevic Ana Banko Danijela Miljanovic Maja Cupic Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Isoforms: Their Clinical Implications, Utilisation in Diagnosis, Prevention and New Antiviral Strategies Pathogens hepatitis B virus (HBV) HBsAg isoforms large surface protein (LHB) middle surface protein (MHB) small surface protein (SHB) mutation |
| title | Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Isoforms: Their Clinical Implications, Utilisation in Diagnosis, Prevention and New Antiviral Strategies |
| title_full | Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Isoforms: Their Clinical Implications, Utilisation in Diagnosis, Prevention and New Antiviral Strategies |
| title_fullStr | Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Isoforms: Their Clinical Implications, Utilisation in Diagnosis, Prevention and New Antiviral Strategies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Isoforms: Their Clinical Implications, Utilisation in Diagnosis, Prevention and New Antiviral Strategies |
| title_short | Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Isoforms: Their Clinical Implications, Utilisation in Diagnosis, Prevention and New Antiviral Strategies |
| title_sort | hepatitis b surface antigen isoforms their clinical implications utilisation in diagnosis prevention and new antiviral strategies |
| topic | hepatitis B virus (HBV) HBsAg isoforms large surface protein (LHB) middle surface protein (MHB) small surface protein (SHB) mutation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/1/46 |
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