Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Sports-Related Concussions: Biological Mechanisms and Exosomal Biomarkers
Concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in athletes can cause persistent symptoms, known as post-concussion syndrome (PCS), and repeated injuries may increase the long-term risk for an athlete to develop neurodegenerative diseases such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), and Alzheime...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Neuroscience |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2020.00761/full |
| _version_ | 1811223928581914624 |
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| author | Aurélie Ledreux Moira K. Pryhoda Kim Gorgens Kevin Shelburne Anah Gilmore Daniel A. Linseman Daniel A. Linseman Holly Fleming Lilia A. Koza Lilia A. Koza Julie Campbell Adam Wolff James P. Kelly Martin Margittai Bradley S. Davidson Ann-Charlotte Granholm |
| author_facet | Aurélie Ledreux Moira K. Pryhoda Kim Gorgens Kevin Shelburne Anah Gilmore Daniel A. Linseman Daniel A. Linseman Holly Fleming Lilia A. Koza Lilia A. Koza Julie Campbell Adam Wolff James P. Kelly Martin Margittai Bradley S. Davidson Ann-Charlotte Granholm |
| author_sort | Aurélie Ledreux |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in athletes can cause persistent symptoms, known as post-concussion syndrome (PCS), and repeated injuries may increase the long-term risk for an athlete to develop neurodegenerative diseases such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The Center for Disease Control estimates that up to 3.8 million sport-related mTBI are reported each year in the United States. Despite the magnitude of the phenomenon, there is a current lack of comprehensive prognostic indicators and research has shown that available monitoring tools are moderately sensitive to short-term concussion effects but less sensitive to long-term consequences. The overall aim of this review is to discuss novel, quantitative, and objective measurements that can predict long-term outcomes following repeated sports-related mTBIs. The specific objectives were (1) to provide an overview of the current clinical and biomechanical tools available to health practitioners to ensure recovery after mTBIs, (2) to synthesize potential biological mechanisms in animal models underlying the long-term adverse consequences of mTBIs, (3) to discuss the possible link between repeated mTBI and neurodegenerative diseases, and (4) to discuss the current knowledge about fluid biomarkers for mTBIs with a focus on novel exosomal biomarkers. The conclusions from this review are that current post-concussion clinical tests are not sufficiently sensitive to injury and do not accurately quantify post-concussion alterations associated with repeated mTBIs. In the current review, it is proposed that current practices should be amended to include a repeated symptom inventory, a cognitive assessment of executive function and impulse control, an instrumented assessment of balance, vestibulo-ocular assessments, and an improved panel of blood or exosome biomarkers. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T08:41:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a8863883dac0432f8c57916765073535 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1662-453X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T08:41:59Z |
| publishDate | 2020-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-a8863883dac0432f8c579167650735352022-12-22T03:39:52ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neuroscience1662-453X2020-07-011410.3389/fnins.2020.00761555485Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Sports-Related Concussions: Biological Mechanisms and Exosomal BiomarkersAurélie Ledreux0Moira K. Pryhoda1Kim Gorgens2Kevin Shelburne3Anah Gilmore4Daniel A. Linseman5Daniel A. Linseman6Holly Fleming7Lilia A. Koza8Lilia A. Koza9Julie Campbell10Adam Wolff11James P. Kelly12Martin Margittai13Bradley S. Davidson14Ann-Charlotte Granholm15Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United StatesDepartment of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United StatesGraduate School of Professional Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United StatesDepartment of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United StatesKnoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United StatesKnoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United StatesBiological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United StatesBiological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United StatesKnoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United StatesBiological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United StatesPioneer Health and Performance, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United StatesDenver Neurological Clinic, Denver, CO, United StatesMarcus Institute for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United StatesDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United StatesDepartment of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United StatesKnoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United StatesConcussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in athletes can cause persistent symptoms, known as post-concussion syndrome (PCS), and repeated injuries may increase the long-term risk for an athlete to develop neurodegenerative diseases such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The Center for Disease Control estimates that up to 3.8 million sport-related mTBI are reported each year in the United States. Despite the magnitude of the phenomenon, there is a current lack of comprehensive prognostic indicators and research has shown that available monitoring tools are moderately sensitive to short-term concussion effects but less sensitive to long-term consequences. The overall aim of this review is to discuss novel, quantitative, and objective measurements that can predict long-term outcomes following repeated sports-related mTBIs. The specific objectives were (1) to provide an overview of the current clinical and biomechanical tools available to health practitioners to ensure recovery after mTBIs, (2) to synthesize potential biological mechanisms in animal models underlying the long-term adverse consequences of mTBIs, (3) to discuss the possible link between repeated mTBI and neurodegenerative diseases, and (4) to discuss the current knowledge about fluid biomarkers for mTBIs with a focus on novel exosomal biomarkers. The conclusions from this review are that current post-concussion clinical tests are not sufficiently sensitive to injury and do not accurately quantify post-concussion alterations associated with repeated mTBIs. In the current review, it is proposed that current practices should be amended to include a repeated symptom inventory, a cognitive assessment of executive function and impulse control, an instrumented assessment of balance, vestibulo-ocular assessments, and an improved panel of blood or exosome biomarkers.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2020.00761/fullconcussionmild traumatic brain injurybiomechanicsblood biomarkersexosomesneuropathology |
| spellingShingle | Aurélie Ledreux Moira K. Pryhoda Kim Gorgens Kevin Shelburne Anah Gilmore Daniel A. Linseman Daniel A. Linseman Holly Fleming Lilia A. Koza Lilia A. Koza Julie Campbell Adam Wolff James P. Kelly Martin Margittai Bradley S. Davidson Ann-Charlotte Granholm Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Sports-Related Concussions: Biological Mechanisms and Exosomal Biomarkers Frontiers in Neuroscience concussion mild traumatic brain injury biomechanics blood biomarkers exosomes neuropathology |
| title | Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Sports-Related Concussions: Biological Mechanisms and Exosomal Biomarkers |
| title_full | Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Sports-Related Concussions: Biological Mechanisms and Exosomal Biomarkers |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Sports-Related Concussions: Biological Mechanisms and Exosomal Biomarkers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Sports-Related Concussions: Biological Mechanisms and Exosomal Biomarkers |
| title_short | Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Sports-Related Concussions: Biological Mechanisms and Exosomal Biomarkers |
| title_sort | assessment of long term effects of sports related concussions biological mechanisms and exosomal biomarkers |
| topic | concussion mild traumatic brain injury biomechanics blood biomarkers exosomes neuropathology |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2020.00761/full |
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