Enzymatic Degradation of Zearalenone in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Pigs, Chickens, and Rainbow Trout
The estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is a common contaminant of animal feed. Effective strategies for the inactivation of ZEN in feed are required. The ZEN-degrading enzyme zearalenone hydrolase ZenA (EC 3.1.1.-, commercial name ZEN<i>zyme</i><sup>®</sup>, BIOMIN Holdin...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/1/48 |
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| author | Christiane Gruber-Dorninger Manuela Killinger Andreas Höbartner-Gußl Roy Rosen Barbara Doupovec Markus Aleschko Heidi Schwartz-Zimmermann Oliver Greitbauer Zoran Marković Marko Stanković Karin Schöndorfer Djuro Vukmirovic Silvia Wein Dian Schatzmayr |
| author_facet | Christiane Gruber-Dorninger Manuela Killinger Andreas Höbartner-Gußl Roy Rosen Barbara Doupovec Markus Aleschko Heidi Schwartz-Zimmermann Oliver Greitbauer Zoran Marković Marko Stanković Karin Schöndorfer Djuro Vukmirovic Silvia Wein Dian Schatzmayr |
| author_sort | Christiane Gruber-Dorninger |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is a common contaminant of animal feed. Effective strategies for the inactivation of ZEN in feed are required. The ZEN-degrading enzyme zearalenone hydrolase ZenA (EC 3.1.1.-, commercial name ZEN<i>zyme</i><sup>®</sup>, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Getzersdorf, Austria) converts ZEN to hydrolyzed ZEN (HZEN), thereby enabling a strong reduction in estrogenicity. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of ZenA added to feed to degrade ZEN in the gastrointestinal tract of three monogastric animal species, i.e., pigs, chickens, and rainbow trout. For each species, groups of animals received (i) feed contaminated with ZEN (chickens: 400 µg/kg, pigs: 200 µg/kg, rainbow trout: 2000 µg/kg), (ii) feed contaminated with ZEN and supplemented with ZenA, or (iii) uncontaminated feed. To investigate the fate of dietary ZEN in the gastrointestinal tract in the presence and absence of ZenA, concentrations of ZEN and ZEN metabolites were analyzed in digesta of chickens and rainbow trout and in feces of pigs. Upon ZenA administration, concentrations of ZEN were significantly decreased and concentrations of the degradation product HZEN were significantly increased in digesta/feces of each investigated animal species, indicating degradation of ZEN by ZenA in the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, upon addition of ZenA to the diet, the concentration of the highly estrogenic ZEN metabolite α-ZEL was significantly reduced in feces of pigs. In conclusion, ZenA was effective in degrading ZEN to HZEN in the gastrointestinal tract of chickens, pigs, and rainbow trout, and counteracted formation of α-ZEL in pigs. Therefore, ZenA could find application as a ZEN-degrading feed additive for these animal species. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:06:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a88e3b02ab1544ad8fdf00be84e0210b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:06:24Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-a88e3b02ab1544ad8fdf00be84e0210b2023-12-01T00:57:05ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512023-01-011514810.3390/toxins15010048Enzymatic Degradation of Zearalenone in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Pigs, Chickens, and Rainbow TroutChristiane Gruber-Dorninger0Manuela Killinger1Andreas Höbartner-Gußl2Roy Rosen3Barbara Doupovec4Markus Aleschko5Heidi Schwartz-Zimmermann6Oliver Greitbauer7Zoran Marković8Marko Stanković9Karin Schöndorfer10Djuro Vukmirovic11Silvia Wein12Dian Schatzmayr13DSM—BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, AustriaDSM—BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, AustriaDSM—BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, AustriaDSM—BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, AustriaDSM—BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, AustriaDSM—BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, AustriaInstitute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 3430 Tulln, AustriaDSM—BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, AustriaFaculty of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, SerbiaFaculty of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, SerbiaDSM—BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, AustriaDSM—BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, AustriaDSM—BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, AustriaDSM—BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, AustriaThe estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is a common contaminant of animal feed. Effective strategies for the inactivation of ZEN in feed are required. The ZEN-degrading enzyme zearalenone hydrolase ZenA (EC 3.1.1.-, commercial name ZEN<i>zyme</i><sup>®</sup>, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Getzersdorf, Austria) converts ZEN to hydrolyzed ZEN (HZEN), thereby enabling a strong reduction in estrogenicity. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of ZenA added to feed to degrade ZEN in the gastrointestinal tract of three monogastric animal species, i.e., pigs, chickens, and rainbow trout. For each species, groups of animals received (i) feed contaminated with ZEN (chickens: 400 µg/kg, pigs: 200 µg/kg, rainbow trout: 2000 µg/kg), (ii) feed contaminated with ZEN and supplemented with ZenA, or (iii) uncontaminated feed. To investigate the fate of dietary ZEN in the gastrointestinal tract in the presence and absence of ZenA, concentrations of ZEN and ZEN metabolites were analyzed in digesta of chickens and rainbow trout and in feces of pigs. Upon ZenA administration, concentrations of ZEN were significantly decreased and concentrations of the degradation product HZEN were significantly increased in digesta/feces of each investigated animal species, indicating degradation of ZEN by ZenA in the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, upon addition of ZenA to the diet, the concentration of the highly estrogenic ZEN metabolite α-ZEL was significantly reduced in feces of pigs. In conclusion, ZenA was effective in degrading ZEN to HZEN in the gastrointestinal tract of chickens, pigs, and rainbow trout, and counteracted formation of α-ZEL in pigs. Therefore, ZenA could find application as a ZEN-degrading feed additive for these animal species.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/1/48zearalenonehydrolaseenzymefeed additivegastrointestinaldegradation |
| spellingShingle | Christiane Gruber-Dorninger Manuela Killinger Andreas Höbartner-Gußl Roy Rosen Barbara Doupovec Markus Aleschko Heidi Schwartz-Zimmermann Oliver Greitbauer Zoran Marković Marko Stanković Karin Schöndorfer Djuro Vukmirovic Silvia Wein Dian Schatzmayr Enzymatic Degradation of Zearalenone in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Pigs, Chickens, and Rainbow Trout Toxins zearalenone hydrolase enzyme feed additive gastrointestinal degradation |
| title | Enzymatic Degradation of Zearalenone in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Pigs, Chickens, and Rainbow Trout |
| title_full | Enzymatic Degradation of Zearalenone in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Pigs, Chickens, and Rainbow Trout |
| title_fullStr | Enzymatic Degradation of Zearalenone in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Pigs, Chickens, and Rainbow Trout |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enzymatic Degradation of Zearalenone in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Pigs, Chickens, and Rainbow Trout |
| title_short | Enzymatic Degradation of Zearalenone in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Pigs, Chickens, and Rainbow Trout |
| title_sort | enzymatic degradation of zearalenone in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs chickens and rainbow trout |
| topic | zearalenone hydrolase enzyme feed additive gastrointestinal degradation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/1/48 |
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