The Physio-Pathological Role of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Expressed by Microglia in Health and Disease with a Focus on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Microglia cells are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. They act as the first-line immune guardians of nervous tissue and central drivers of neuroinflammation. Any homeostatic alteration that can compromise neuron and tissue integrity could activate microglia. Once activated, mi...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-03-01
|
| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/6/5240 |
| _version_ | 1797611325321379840 |
|---|---|
| author | Matilde Balbi Giambattista Bonanno Tiziana Bonifacino Marco Milanese |
| author_facet | Matilde Balbi Giambattista Bonanno Tiziana Bonifacino Marco Milanese |
| author_sort | Matilde Balbi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Microglia cells are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. They act as the first-line immune guardians of nervous tissue and central drivers of neuroinflammation. Any homeostatic alteration that can compromise neuron and tissue integrity could activate microglia. Once activated, microglia exhibit highly diverse phenotypes and functions related to either beneficial or harmful consequences. Microglia activation is associated with the release of protective or deleterious cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that can in turn determine defensive or pathological outcomes. This scenario is complicated by the pathology-related specific phenotypes that microglia can assume, thus leading to the so-called disease-associated microglia phenotypes. Microglia express several receptors that regulate the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory features, sometimes exerting opposite actions on microglial functions according to specific conditions. In this context, group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are molecular structures that may contribute to the modulation of the reactive phenotype of microglia cells, and this is worthy of exploration. Here, we summarize the role of group I mGluRs in shaping microglia cells’ phenotype in specific physio-pathological conditions, including some neurodegenerative disorders. A significant section of the review is specifically focused on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) since it represents an entirely unexplored topic of research in the field. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:27:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a89d87e035d446ba829f75aa7a526581 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:27:18Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-a89d87e035d446ba829f75aa7a5265812023-11-17T11:31:06ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-03-01246524010.3390/ijms24065240The Physio-Pathological Role of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Expressed by Microglia in Health and Disease with a Focus on Amyotrophic Lateral SclerosisMatilde Balbi0Giambattista Bonanno1Tiziana Bonifacino2Marco Milanese3Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, ItalyDepartment of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, ItalyDepartment of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, ItalyDepartment of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, ItalyMicroglia cells are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. They act as the first-line immune guardians of nervous tissue and central drivers of neuroinflammation. Any homeostatic alteration that can compromise neuron and tissue integrity could activate microglia. Once activated, microglia exhibit highly diverse phenotypes and functions related to either beneficial or harmful consequences. Microglia activation is associated with the release of protective or deleterious cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that can in turn determine defensive or pathological outcomes. This scenario is complicated by the pathology-related specific phenotypes that microglia can assume, thus leading to the so-called disease-associated microglia phenotypes. Microglia express several receptors that regulate the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory features, sometimes exerting opposite actions on microglial functions according to specific conditions. In this context, group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are molecular structures that may contribute to the modulation of the reactive phenotype of microglia cells, and this is worthy of exploration. Here, we summarize the role of group I mGluRs in shaping microglia cells’ phenotype in specific physio-pathological conditions, including some neurodegenerative disorders. A significant section of the review is specifically focused on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) since it represents an entirely unexplored topic of research in the field.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/6/5240microgliareactive phenotypegroup I metabotropic glutamate receptorsmGlu5 receptormGlu1 receptormGluR5 |
| spellingShingle | Matilde Balbi Giambattista Bonanno Tiziana Bonifacino Marco Milanese The Physio-Pathological Role of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Expressed by Microglia in Health and Disease with a Focus on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis International Journal of Molecular Sciences microglia reactive phenotype group I metabotropic glutamate receptors mGlu5 receptor mGlu1 receptor mGluR5 |
| title | The Physio-Pathological Role of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Expressed by Microglia in Health and Disease with a Focus on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
| title_full | The Physio-Pathological Role of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Expressed by Microglia in Health and Disease with a Focus on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
| title_fullStr | The Physio-Pathological Role of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Expressed by Microglia in Health and Disease with a Focus on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Physio-Pathological Role of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Expressed by Microglia in Health and Disease with a Focus on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
| title_short | The Physio-Pathological Role of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Expressed by Microglia in Health and Disease with a Focus on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
| title_sort | physio pathological role of group i metabotropic glutamate receptors expressed by microglia in health and disease with a focus on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| topic | microglia reactive phenotype group I metabotropic glutamate receptors mGlu5 receptor mGlu1 receptor mGluR5 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/6/5240 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT matildebalbi thephysiopathologicalroleofgroupimetabotropicglutamatereceptorsexpressedbymicrogliainhealthanddiseasewithafocusonamyotrophiclateralsclerosis AT giambattistabonanno thephysiopathologicalroleofgroupimetabotropicglutamatereceptorsexpressedbymicrogliainhealthanddiseasewithafocusonamyotrophiclateralsclerosis AT tizianabonifacino thephysiopathologicalroleofgroupimetabotropicglutamatereceptorsexpressedbymicrogliainhealthanddiseasewithafocusonamyotrophiclateralsclerosis AT marcomilanese thephysiopathologicalroleofgroupimetabotropicglutamatereceptorsexpressedbymicrogliainhealthanddiseasewithafocusonamyotrophiclateralsclerosis AT matildebalbi physiopathologicalroleofgroupimetabotropicglutamatereceptorsexpressedbymicrogliainhealthanddiseasewithafocusonamyotrophiclateralsclerosis AT giambattistabonanno physiopathologicalroleofgroupimetabotropicglutamatereceptorsexpressedbymicrogliainhealthanddiseasewithafocusonamyotrophiclateralsclerosis AT tizianabonifacino physiopathologicalroleofgroupimetabotropicglutamatereceptorsexpressedbymicrogliainhealthanddiseasewithafocusonamyotrophiclateralsclerosis AT marcomilanese physiopathologicalroleofgroupimetabotropicglutamatereceptorsexpressedbymicrogliainhealthanddiseasewithafocusonamyotrophiclateralsclerosis |