<i>Adonis amurensis</i> Is a Promising Alternative to <i>Haematococcus</i> as a Resource for Natural Esterified (3<i>S</i>,3′<i>S</i>)-Astaxanthin Production
Astaxanthin (AST) characteristics and pigment productivity of <i>Adonis amurensis</i>, one of the few AST-producing higher plants, have not yet been studied extensively. In this study, the geometrical and optical isomers of AST in different parts of the <i>A. amurensis</i> fl...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/6/1059 |
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| author | Yongfu Li Fengying Gong Shuju Guo Wenjie Yu Jianguo Liu |
| author_facet | Yongfu Li Fengying Gong Shuju Guo Wenjie Yu Jianguo Liu |
| author_sort | Yongfu Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Astaxanthin (AST) characteristics and pigment productivity of <i>Adonis amurensis</i>, one of the few AST-producing higher plants, have not yet been studied extensively. In this study, the geometrical and optical isomers of AST in different parts of the <i>A. amurensis</i> flower were determined in detail, followed by a separation of the all-<i>trans</i> AST using HPLC chromatography. AST extracted from the flower accounted for 1.31% of the dry weight (dw) and mainly existed in the di-esterified form (>86.5%). The highest concentration was found in the upper red part of the petal (3.31% dw). One optical isomer (3<i>S</i>, 3′<i>S</i>) of AST, with five geometrical isomers (all-<i>trans</i>, 9-<i>cis</i>, 13-<i>cis</i>, 15-<i>cis</i>, and di-<i>cis</i>) were observed in all parts of the flower. All-<i>trans</i> AST was the predominant geometrical isomer accounting for 72.5% of the total content of geometric isomers in total flower, followed by the 13-<i>cis</i>, and 9-<i>cis</i> isomers. The all-<i>trans</i> AST isomer was also isolated, and then purified by HPLC from the crude oily flower extract, with a 21.5% recovery yield. The <i>cis</i>-AST extracted from the combined androecium and gynoecium gives a very strong absorption in the UVA region due to a high level of <i>cis</i>, especially di-<i>cis</i>, isomers, suggesting a prospective use in the preparation of anti-ultraviolet agents. The production cost of AST from <i>Adonis</i> flowers can be as low as €388–393/kg. These observations together with other factors such as the low technology requirement for plant culturing and harvesting suggest <i>Adonis</i> has great potential as a resource for natural esterified (3<i>S</i>,3′<i>S</i>)-AST production when compared with <i>Haematococcus</i> culturing. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:03:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a8a23f2c968748b3a35ae268d81bbe8a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:03:42Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
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| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-a8a23f2c968748b3a35ae268d81bbe8a2023-11-21T21:19:42ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472021-05-01106105910.3390/plants10061059<i>Adonis amurensis</i> Is a Promising Alternative to <i>Haematococcus</i> as a Resource for Natural Esterified (3<i>S</i>,3′<i>S</i>)-Astaxanthin ProductionYongfu Li0Fengying Gong1Shuju Guo2Wenjie Yu3Jianguo Liu4CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, ChinaAstaxanthin (AST) characteristics and pigment productivity of <i>Adonis amurensis</i>, one of the few AST-producing higher plants, have not yet been studied extensively. In this study, the geometrical and optical isomers of AST in different parts of the <i>A. amurensis</i> flower were determined in detail, followed by a separation of the all-<i>trans</i> AST using HPLC chromatography. AST extracted from the flower accounted for 1.31% of the dry weight (dw) and mainly existed in the di-esterified form (>86.5%). The highest concentration was found in the upper red part of the petal (3.31% dw). One optical isomer (3<i>S</i>, 3′<i>S</i>) of AST, with five geometrical isomers (all-<i>trans</i>, 9-<i>cis</i>, 13-<i>cis</i>, 15-<i>cis</i>, and di-<i>cis</i>) were observed in all parts of the flower. All-<i>trans</i> AST was the predominant geometrical isomer accounting for 72.5% of the total content of geometric isomers in total flower, followed by the 13-<i>cis</i>, and 9-<i>cis</i> isomers. The all-<i>trans</i> AST isomer was also isolated, and then purified by HPLC from the crude oily flower extract, with a 21.5% recovery yield. The <i>cis</i>-AST extracted from the combined androecium and gynoecium gives a very strong absorption in the UVA region due to a high level of <i>cis</i>, especially di-<i>cis</i>, isomers, suggesting a prospective use in the preparation of anti-ultraviolet agents. The production cost of AST from <i>Adonis</i> flowers can be as low as €388–393/kg. These observations together with other factors such as the low technology requirement for plant culturing and harvesting suggest <i>Adonis</i> has great potential as a resource for natural esterified (3<i>S</i>,3′<i>S</i>)-AST production when compared with <i>Haematococcus</i> culturing.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/6/1059astaxanthin<i>Adonis amurensis</i>geometric isomersoptical isomerspigment distribution |
| spellingShingle | Yongfu Li Fengying Gong Shuju Guo Wenjie Yu Jianguo Liu <i>Adonis amurensis</i> Is a Promising Alternative to <i>Haematococcus</i> as a Resource for Natural Esterified (3<i>S</i>,3′<i>S</i>)-Astaxanthin Production Plants astaxanthin <i>Adonis amurensis</i> geometric isomers optical isomers pigment distribution |
| title | <i>Adonis amurensis</i> Is a Promising Alternative to <i>Haematococcus</i> as a Resource for Natural Esterified (3<i>S</i>,3′<i>S</i>)-Astaxanthin Production |
| title_full | <i>Adonis amurensis</i> Is a Promising Alternative to <i>Haematococcus</i> as a Resource for Natural Esterified (3<i>S</i>,3′<i>S</i>)-Astaxanthin Production |
| title_fullStr | <i>Adonis amurensis</i> Is a Promising Alternative to <i>Haematococcus</i> as a Resource for Natural Esterified (3<i>S</i>,3′<i>S</i>)-Astaxanthin Production |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Adonis amurensis</i> Is a Promising Alternative to <i>Haematococcus</i> as a Resource for Natural Esterified (3<i>S</i>,3′<i>S</i>)-Astaxanthin Production |
| title_short | <i>Adonis amurensis</i> Is a Promising Alternative to <i>Haematococcus</i> as a Resource for Natural Esterified (3<i>S</i>,3′<i>S</i>)-Astaxanthin Production |
| title_sort | i adonis amurensis i is a promising alternative to i haematococcus i as a resource for natural esterified 3 i s i 3 i s i astaxanthin production |
| topic | astaxanthin <i>Adonis amurensis</i> geometric isomers optical isomers pigment distribution |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/6/1059 |
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