Bilateral intracortical inhibition during unilateral motor preparation and sequence learning
Motor sequence learning gradually quickens reaction time, suggesting that sequence learning alters motor preparation processes. Interestingly, evidence has shown that preparing sequence movements decreases short intracortical inhibition (SICI) in the contralateral motor cortex (M1), but also that se...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2024-03-01
|
| Series: | Brain Stimulation |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X24000457 |
| _version_ | 1797253990862290944 |
|---|---|
| author | R. Hamel B.M. Waltzing M.R. Hinder C.J. McAllister N. Jenkinson J.M. Galea |
| author_facet | R. Hamel B.M. Waltzing M.R. Hinder C.J. McAllister N. Jenkinson J.M. Galea |
| author_sort | R. Hamel |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Motor sequence learning gradually quickens reaction time, suggesting that sequence learning alters motor preparation processes. Interestingly, evidence has shown that preparing sequence movements decreases short intracortical inhibition (SICI) in the contralateral motor cortex (M1), but also that sequence learning alters motor preparation processes in both the contralateral and ipsilateral M1s. Therefore, one possibility is that sequence learning alters the SICI decreases occurring during motor preparation in bilateral M1s. To examine this, two novel hypotheses were tested: unilateral sequence preparation would decrease SICI in bilateral M1s, and sequence learning would alter such bilateral SICI responses. Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered over the contralateral and ipsilateral M1s to assess SICI in an index finger muscle during the preparation of sequences initiated by either the right index or little finger. In the absence of sequence learning, SICI decreased in both the contralateral and ipsilateral M1s during the preparation of sequences initiated by the right index finger, suggesting that SICI decreases in bilateral M1s during unilateral motor preparation. As sequence learning progressed, SICI decreased in the contralateral M1 whilst it increased in the ipsilateral M1. Moreover, these bilateral SICI responses were observed at the onset of motor preparation, suggesting that sequence learning altered baseline SICI levels rather than the SICI decreases occurring during motor preparation per se. Altogether, these results suggest that SICI responses in bilateral M1s reflect two motor processes: an acute decrease of inhibition during motor preparation, and a cooperative but bidirectional shift of baseline inhibition levels as sequence learning progresses. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T21:42:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a8d5ca38ceb643efb74bc00add4c9dea |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1935-861X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T21:42:51Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Brain Stimulation |
| spelling | doaj.art-a8d5ca38ceb643efb74bc00add4c9dea2024-03-21T05:36:11ZengElsevierBrain Stimulation1935-861X2024-03-01172349361Bilateral intracortical inhibition during unilateral motor preparation and sequence learningR. Hamel0B.M. Waltzing1M.R. Hinder2C.J. McAllister3N. Jenkinson4J.M. Galea5School of Sports, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Corresponding author. School of Sports, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.School of Sports, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Neurosciences, UC Louvain, Belgium Avenue Mounier 54, 1200, Bruxelles, BelgiumSchool of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine After School of Psychological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, AustraliaSchool of Sports, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United KingdomSchool of Sports, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United KingdomSchool of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United KingdomMotor sequence learning gradually quickens reaction time, suggesting that sequence learning alters motor preparation processes. Interestingly, evidence has shown that preparing sequence movements decreases short intracortical inhibition (SICI) in the contralateral motor cortex (M1), but also that sequence learning alters motor preparation processes in both the contralateral and ipsilateral M1s. Therefore, one possibility is that sequence learning alters the SICI decreases occurring during motor preparation in bilateral M1s. To examine this, two novel hypotheses were tested: unilateral sequence preparation would decrease SICI in bilateral M1s, and sequence learning would alter such bilateral SICI responses. Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered over the contralateral and ipsilateral M1s to assess SICI in an index finger muscle during the preparation of sequences initiated by either the right index or little finger. In the absence of sequence learning, SICI decreased in both the contralateral and ipsilateral M1s during the preparation of sequences initiated by the right index finger, suggesting that SICI decreases in bilateral M1s during unilateral motor preparation. As sequence learning progressed, SICI decreased in the contralateral M1 whilst it increased in the ipsilateral M1. Moreover, these bilateral SICI responses were observed at the onset of motor preparation, suggesting that sequence learning altered baseline SICI levels rather than the SICI decreases occurring during motor preparation per se. Altogether, these results suggest that SICI responses in bilateral M1s reflect two motor processes: an acute decrease of inhibition during motor preparation, and a cooperative but bidirectional shift of baseline inhibition levels as sequence learning progresses.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X24000457Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS)Intracortical inhibition (ICI)Short intracortical inhibition (SICI)Corticospinal excitability (CSE)Motor preparationMotor sequence learning |
| spellingShingle | R. Hamel B.M. Waltzing M.R. Hinder C.J. McAllister N. Jenkinson J.M. Galea Bilateral intracortical inhibition during unilateral motor preparation and sequence learning Brain Stimulation Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS) Intracortical inhibition (ICI) Short intracortical inhibition (SICI) Corticospinal excitability (CSE) Motor preparation Motor sequence learning |
| title | Bilateral intracortical inhibition during unilateral motor preparation and sequence learning |
| title_full | Bilateral intracortical inhibition during unilateral motor preparation and sequence learning |
| title_fullStr | Bilateral intracortical inhibition during unilateral motor preparation and sequence learning |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bilateral intracortical inhibition during unilateral motor preparation and sequence learning |
| title_short | Bilateral intracortical inhibition during unilateral motor preparation and sequence learning |
| title_sort | bilateral intracortical inhibition during unilateral motor preparation and sequence learning |
| topic | Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS) Intracortical inhibition (ICI) Short intracortical inhibition (SICI) Corticospinal excitability (CSE) Motor preparation Motor sequence learning |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X24000457 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rhamel bilateralintracorticalinhibitionduringunilateralmotorpreparationandsequencelearning AT bmwaltzing bilateralintracorticalinhibitionduringunilateralmotorpreparationandsequencelearning AT mrhinder bilateralintracorticalinhibitionduringunilateralmotorpreparationandsequencelearning AT cjmcallister bilateralintracorticalinhibitionduringunilateralmotorpreparationandsequencelearning AT njenkinson bilateralintracorticalinhibitionduringunilateralmotorpreparationandsequencelearning AT jmgalea bilateralintracorticalinhibitionduringunilateralmotorpreparationandsequencelearning |