Evaluating Fecal Indicator and Pathogen Relationships in Sewage Impacted Surface Waters to Blend with Reclaimed Water for Potable Reuse in North Carolina
Surface waters used for drinking water supply often receive upstream wastewater effluent inputs, resulting in de facto wastewater reuse for drinking water and recreation. As populations grow, demands on water supplies increase. As this trend continues, it creates the need to understand the risks ass...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/12/1603 |
| _version_ | 1797501659017904128 |
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| author | Emily S. Bailey Margret Hopkins Lisa Casanova Mark D. Sobsey |
| author_facet | Emily S. Bailey Margret Hopkins Lisa Casanova Mark D. Sobsey |
| author_sort | Emily S. Bailey |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Surface waters used for drinking water supply often receive upstream wastewater effluent inputs, resulting in de facto wastewater reuse for drinking water and recreation. As populations grow, demands on water supplies increase. As this trend continues, it creates the need to understand the risks associated with such reuse. In North Carolina, potable reuse has been proposed as a combination of at least 80% surface water with up to 20% tertiary-treated, dual-disinfected, reclaimed wastewater, which is then stored for 5 days and further treated using conventional drinking water treatment methods. The state of North Carolina has set standards for both intake surface water and for the reclaimed water produced by wastewater utilities, using indicator microorganisms to measure compliance. The goal of this study was to quantify fecal indicator microorganisms, specifically <i>E. coli</i>, coliphages, and <i>C. perfringens</i> as well as key pathogens, specifically <i>Salmonella</i> spp. bacteria, adenoviruses, noroviruses, and the protozoan parasites <i>Cryptosporidium and Giardia</i>, in two types of water representing potential candidates for potable reuse in North Carolina, (1) run of river surface water and (2) sewage-impacted surface waters, with the purpose of determining if there are predictive relationships between these two microorganism groups that support microbial indicator reliability. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:21:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a910f882626f4a97b4c46f7d12f9230c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:21:42Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-a910f882626f4a97b4c46f7d12f9230c2023-11-23T10:01:20ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172021-12-011012160310.3390/pathogens10121603Evaluating Fecal Indicator and Pathogen Relationships in Sewage Impacted Surface Waters to Blend with Reclaimed Water for Potable Reuse in North CarolinaEmily S. Bailey0Margret Hopkins1Lisa Casanova2Mark D. Sobsey3Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USADepartment of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USADivision of Environmental Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USADepartment of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USASurface waters used for drinking water supply often receive upstream wastewater effluent inputs, resulting in de facto wastewater reuse for drinking water and recreation. As populations grow, demands on water supplies increase. As this trend continues, it creates the need to understand the risks associated with such reuse. In North Carolina, potable reuse has been proposed as a combination of at least 80% surface water with up to 20% tertiary-treated, dual-disinfected, reclaimed wastewater, which is then stored for 5 days and further treated using conventional drinking water treatment methods. The state of North Carolina has set standards for both intake surface water and for the reclaimed water produced by wastewater utilities, using indicator microorganisms to measure compliance. The goal of this study was to quantify fecal indicator microorganisms, specifically <i>E. coli</i>, coliphages, and <i>C. perfringens</i> as well as key pathogens, specifically <i>Salmonella</i> spp. bacteria, adenoviruses, noroviruses, and the protozoan parasites <i>Cryptosporidium and Giardia</i>, in two types of water representing potential candidates for potable reuse in North Carolina, (1) run of river surface water and (2) sewage-impacted surface waters, with the purpose of determining if there are predictive relationships between these two microorganism groups that support microbial indicator reliability.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/12/1603pathogensreclaimed waterreusesurface water |
| spellingShingle | Emily S. Bailey Margret Hopkins Lisa Casanova Mark D. Sobsey Evaluating Fecal Indicator and Pathogen Relationships in Sewage Impacted Surface Waters to Blend with Reclaimed Water for Potable Reuse in North Carolina Pathogens pathogens reclaimed water reuse surface water |
| title | Evaluating Fecal Indicator and Pathogen Relationships in Sewage Impacted Surface Waters to Blend with Reclaimed Water for Potable Reuse in North Carolina |
| title_full | Evaluating Fecal Indicator and Pathogen Relationships in Sewage Impacted Surface Waters to Blend with Reclaimed Water for Potable Reuse in North Carolina |
| title_fullStr | Evaluating Fecal Indicator and Pathogen Relationships in Sewage Impacted Surface Waters to Blend with Reclaimed Water for Potable Reuse in North Carolina |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluating Fecal Indicator and Pathogen Relationships in Sewage Impacted Surface Waters to Blend with Reclaimed Water for Potable Reuse in North Carolina |
| title_short | Evaluating Fecal Indicator and Pathogen Relationships in Sewage Impacted Surface Waters to Blend with Reclaimed Water for Potable Reuse in North Carolina |
| title_sort | evaluating fecal indicator and pathogen relationships in sewage impacted surface waters to blend with reclaimed water for potable reuse in north carolina |
| topic | pathogens reclaimed water reuse surface water |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/12/1603 |
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