Testing Accuracy of Long-Range Ultrasonic Sensors for Olive Tree Canopy Measurements
Ultrasonic sensors are often used to adjust spray volume by allowing the calculation of the crown volume of tree crops. The special conditions of the olive tree require the use of long-range sensors, which are less accurate and faster than the most commonly used sensors. The main objectives of the s...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2015-01-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/2/2902 |
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| author | Juan Luis Gamarra-Diezma Antonio Miranda-Fuentes Jordi Llorens Andrés Cuenca Gregorio L. Blanco-Roldán Antonio Rodríguez-Lizana |
| author_facet | Juan Luis Gamarra-Diezma Antonio Miranda-Fuentes Jordi Llorens Andrés Cuenca Gregorio L. Blanco-Roldán Antonio Rodríguez-Lizana |
| author_sort | Juan Luis Gamarra-Diezma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ultrasonic sensors are often used to adjust spray volume by allowing the calculation of the crown volume of tree crops. The special conditions of the olive tree require the use of long-range sensors, which are less accurate and faster than the most commonly used sensors. The main objectives of the study were to determine the suitability of the sensor in terms of sound cone determination, angle errors, crosstalk errors and field measurements. Different laboratory tests were performed to check the suitability of a commercial long-range ultrasonic sensor, as were the experimental determination of the sound cone diameter at several distances for several target materials, the determination of the influence of the angle of incidence of the sound wave on the target and distance on the accuracy of measurements for several materials and the determination of the importance of the errors due to interference between sensors for different sensor spacings and distances for two different materials. Furthermore, sensor accuracy was tested under real field conditions. The results show that the studied sensor is appropriate for olive trees because the sound cone is narrower for an olive tree than for the other studied materials, the olive tree canopy does not have a large influence on the sensor accuracy with respect to distance and angle, the interference errors are insignificant for high sensor spacings and the sensor’s field distance measurements were deemed sufficiently accurate. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T06:50:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a931788213a941299e1c4c3b554be7ec |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T06:50:39Z |
| publishDate | 2015-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-a931788213a941299e1c4c3b554be7ec2022-12-22T02:07:02ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202015-01-011522902291910.3390/s150202902s150202902Testing Accuracy of Long-Range Ultrasonic Sensors for Olive Tree Canopy MeasurementsJuan Luis Gamarra-Diezma0Antonio Miranda-Fuentes1Jordi Llorens2Andrés Cuenca3Gregorio L. Blanco-Roldán4Antonio Rodríguez-Lizana5Dpto. de Ingeniería Rural, Área de Mecanización y Tecnología Rural, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14005, SpainDpto. de Ingeniería Rural, Área de Mecanización y Tecnología Rural, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14005, SpainDpto. de Ingeniería Rural, Área de Mecanización y Tecnología Rural, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14005, SpainDpto. de Ingeniería Rural, Área de Mecanización y Tecnología Rural, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14005, SpainDpto. de Ingeniería Rural, Área de Mecanización y Tecnología Rural, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14005, SpainDpto. de Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos, Área de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Universidad de Sevilla, Ctra. de Utrera, km 1. 41013 Sevilla, SpainUltrasonic sensors are often used to adjust spray volume by allowing the calculation of the crown volume of tree crops. The special conditions of the olive tree require the use of long-range sensors, which are less accurate and faster than the most commonly used sensors. The main objectives of the study were to determine the suitability of the sensor in terms of sound cone determination, angle errors, crosstalk errors and field measurements. Different laboratory tests were performed to check the suitability of a commercial long-range ultrasonic sensor, as were the experimental determination of the sound cone diameter at several distances for several target materials, the determination of the influence of the angle of incidence of the sound wave on the target and distance on the accuracy of measurements for several materials and the determination of the importance of the errors due to interference between sensors for different sensor spacings and distances for two different materials. Furthermore, sensor accuracy was tested under real field conditions. The results show that the studied sensor is appropriate for olive trees because the sound cone is narrower for an olive tree than for the other studied materials, the olive tree canopy does not have a large influence on the sensor accuracy with respect to distance and angle, the interference errors are insignificant for high sensor spacings and the sensor’s field distance measurements were deemed sufficiently accurate.http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/2/2902ultrasonic sensorcanopy characterizationolive treesensor accuracysensor interference |
| spellingShingle | Juan Luis Gamarra-Diezma Antonio Miranda-Fuentes Jordi Llorens Andrés Cuenca Gregorio L. Blanco-Roldán Antonio Rodríguez-Lizana Testing Accuracy of Long-Range Ultrasonic Sensors for Olive Tree Canopy Measurements Sensors ultrasonic sensor canopy characterization olive tree sensor accuracy sensor interference |
| title | Testing Accuracy of Long-Range Ultrasonic Sensors for Olive Tree Canopy Measurements |
| title_full | Testing Accuracy of Long-Range Ultrasonic Sensors for Olive Tree Canopy Measurements |
| title_fullStr | Testing Accuracy of Long-Range Ultrasonic Sensors for Olive Tree Canopy Measurements |
| title_full_unstemmed | Testing Accuracy of Long-Range Ultrasonic Sensors for Olive Tree Canopy Measurements |
| title_short | Testing Accuracy of Long-Range Ultrasonic Sensors for Olive Tree Canopy Measurements |
| title_sort | testing accuracy of long range ultrasonic sensors for olive tree canopy measurements |
| topic | ultrasonic sensor canopy characterization olive tree sensor accuracy sensor interference |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/2/2902 |
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