Optimization of ZnO/GO nanocomposite-loaded polylactic acid active films using response surface methodology
Development of biodegradable polymer as food packaging has been emerged with the increasing awareness of achieving sustainable development goals. As a replacement of petroleum-based polymers, Polylactic acid (PLA) has been widely utilized for food packaging. However, the main disadvantage of PLA for...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Journal of King Saud University: Science |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018364722000167 |
| _version_ | 1819002278966722560 |
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| author | Liew Wen Ching Farah Wahida Mohd Keesan Ida Idayu Muhamad |
| author_facet | Liew Wen Ching Farah Wahida Mohd Keesan Ida Idayu Muhamad |
| author_sort | Liew Wen Ching |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Development of biodegradable polymer as food packaging has been emerged with the increasing awareness of achieving sustainable development goals. As a replacement of petroleum-based polymers, Polylactic acid (PLA) has been widely utilized for food packaging. However, the main disadvantage of PLA for food packaging is its brittleness and low stiffness. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the potential usability of Zinc oxide (ZnO) and Graphene oxide (GO) as mechanical strengthening nanocomposites and their synergistic effect towards antibacterial property. The optimum formulation of PLA/ZnO/GO nanocomposite active film was determined using RSM by defining concentration of ZnO (0–1.5 wt%), concentration of GO (0–1.5 wt%) and mixing temperature (40, 50, 60 °C) as process parameters. The synergistic effect of ZnO/GO demonstrated a significant improvement in mechanical property. Both ZnO and GO exhibited significant antibacterial activity towards E. coli and B. subtilis and their synergistic antibacterial property performed the best with 0.75 wt% ZnO and 0.75 wt% GO at 50 °C. Results also revealed that ZnO was dominated in their synergistic effect for both mechanical and antibacterial properties. The optimum formulations for PLA/ZnO/GO nanocomposite active film were determined at 1.06 wt% ZnO, 1.11 wt% GO at 60 °C and 0.99 wt% ZnO, 1.28 wt% GO at 40 °C. The regression models by RSM were validated with the experimental results based on optimal formulations. In addition, SEM and FTIR investigation on two optimal films confirmed the good compatibility between ZnO, GO and PLA matrix. Taken together, optimized formula could provide useful insights for fabricating PLA-based active film and broadening their application in food packaging industry. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T23:02:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a9355d0393664c928921a81cf86a05c4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1018-3647 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T23:02:34Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of King Saud University: Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-a9355d0393664c928921a81cf86a05c42022-12-21T19:23:58ZengElsevierJournal of King Saud University: Science1018-36472022-04-01343101835Optimization of ZnO/GO nanocomposite-loaded polylactic acid active films using response surface methodologyLiew Wen Ching0Farah Wahida Mohd Keesan1Ida Idayu Muhamad2Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, MalaysiaDepartment of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, MalaysiaDepartment of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; IJN-UTM Cardioengineering Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Corresponding author at: Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.Development of biodegradable polymer as food packaging has been emerged with the increasing awareness of achieving sustainable development goals. As a replacement of petroleum-based polymers, Polylactic acid (PLA) has been widely utilized for food packaging. However, the main disadvantage of PLA for food packaging is its brittleness and low stiffness. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the potential usability of Zinc oxide (ZnO) and Graphene oxide (GO) as mechanical strengthening nanocomposites and their synergistic effect towards antibacterial property. The optimum formulation of PLA/ZnO/GO nanocomposite active film was determined using RSM by defining concentration of ZnO (0–1.5 wt%), concentration of GO (0–1.5 wt%) and mixing temperature (40, 50, 60 °C) as process parameters. The synergistic effect of ZnO/GO demonstrated a significant improvement in mechanical property. Both ZnO and GO exhibited significant antibacterial activity towards E. coli and B. subtilis and their synergistic antibacterial property performed the best with 0.75 wt% ZnO and 0.75 wt% GO at 50 °C. Results also revealed that ZnO was dominated in their synergistic effect for both mechanical and antibacterial properties. The optimum formulations for PLA/ZnO/GO nanocomposite active film were determined at 1.06 wt% ZnO, 1.11 wt% GO at 60 °C and 0.99 wt% ZnO, 1.28 wt% GO at 40 °C. The regression models by RSM were validated with the experimental results based on optimal formulations. In addition, SEM and FTIR investigation on two optimal films confirmed the good compatibility between ZnO, GO and PLA matrix. Taken together, optimized formula could provide useful insights for fabricating PLA-based active film and broadening their application in food packaging industry.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018364722000167PLAZnO nanoparticleGO nanoparticleAntibacterialActive filmRSM |
| spellingShingle | Liew Wen Ching Farah Wahida Mohd Keesan Ida Idayu Muhamad Optimization of ZnO/GO nanocomposite-loaded polylactic acid active films using response surface methodology Journal of King Saud University: Science PLA ZnO nanoparticle GO nanoparticle Antibacterial Active film RSM |
| title | Optimization of ZnO/GO nanocomposite-loaded polylactic acid active films using response surface methodology |
| title_full | Optimization of ZnO/GO nanocomposite-loaded polylactic acid active films using response surface methodology |
| title_fullStr | Optimization of ZnO/GO nanocomposite-loaded polylactic acid active films using response surface methodology |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimization of ZnO/GO nanocomposite-loaded polylactic acid active films using response surface methodology |
| title_short | Optimization of ZnO/GO nanocomposite-loaded polylactic acid active films using response surface methodology |
| title_sort | optimization of zno go nanocomposite loaded polylactic acid active films using response surface methodology |
| topic | PLA ZnO nanoparticle GO nanoparticle Antibacterial Active film RSM |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018364722000167 |
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