Design of a Portable Analyzer to Determine the Net Exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> in Rice Field Ecosystems
Global warming is influenced by an increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration in the atmosphere. Consequently, Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) is the main factor that influences the exchange of carbon (C) between the atmosphere and the soil. As a result, agricultural ecosystems are a potential carb...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/2/402 |
| _version_ | 1797339429304532992 |
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| author | Mirko Bonilla-Cordova Lena Cruz-Villacorta Ida Echegaray-Cabrera Lia Ramos-Fernández Lisveth Flores del Pino |
| author_facet | Mirko Bonilla-Cordova Lena Cruz-Villacorta Ida Echegaray-Cabrera Lia Ramos-Fernández Lisveth Flores del Pino |
| author_sort | Mirko Bonilla-Cordova |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Global warming is influenced by an increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration in the atmosphere. Consequently, Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) is the main factor that influences the exchange of carbon (C) between the atmosphere and the soil. As a result, agricultural ecosystems are a potential carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) sink, particularly rice paddies (<i>Oryza sativa</i>). Therefore, a static chamber with a portable CO<sub>2</sub> analyzer was designed and implemented for three rice plots to monitor CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Furthermore, a weather station was installed to record meteorological variables. The vegetative, reproductive, and maturation phases of the crop lasted 95, 35, and 42 days post-sowing (DPS), respectively. In total, the crop lasted 172 DPS. Diurnal NEE had the highest CO<sub>2</sub> absorption capacity at 10:00 a.m. for the tillering stage (82 and 89 DPS), floral primordium (102 DPS), panicle initiation (111 DPS), and flowering (126 DPS). On the other hand, the maximum CO<sub>2</sub> emission at 82, 111, and 126 DPS occurred at 6:00 p.m. At 89 and 102 DPS, it occurred at 4:00 and 6:00 a.m., respectively. NEE in the vegetative stage was −25 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mo> </mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and in the reproductive stage, it was −35 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mo> </mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, indicating the highest absorption capacity of the plots. The seasonal dynamics of NEE were mainly controlled by the air temperature inside the chamber (Tc) (R = −0.69), the relative humidity inside the chamber (RHc) (R = −0.66), and net radiation (R<sub>n</sub>) (R = −0.75). These results are similar to previous studies obtained via chromatographic analysis and eddy covariance (EC), which suggests that the portable analyzer could be an alternative for CO<sub>2</sub> monitoring. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:47:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a944b7b8bbc74c21a68536b0962b7718 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:47:58Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-a944b7b8bbc74c21a68536b0962b77182024-01-29T14:14:19ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202024-01-0124240210.3390/s24020402Design of a Portable Analyzer to Determine the Net Exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> in Rice Field EcosystemsMirko Bonilla-Cordova0Lena Cruz-Villacorta1Ida Echegaray-Cabrera2Lia Ramos-Fernández3Lisveth Flores del Pino4Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima 15024, PeruDepartment of Territorial Planning and Doctoral Program of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima 15024, PeruDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima 15024, PeruDepartment of Water Resources, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima 15024, PeruResearch Center for Environmental Chemistry, Toxicology and Biotechnology, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima 15024, PeruGlobal warming is influenced by an increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration in the atmosphere. Consequently, Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) is the main factor that influences the exchange of carbon (C) between the atmosphere and the soil. As a result, agricultural ecosystems are a potential carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) sink, particularly rice paddies (<i>Oryza sativa</i>). Therefore, a static chamber with a portable CO<sub>2</sub> analyzer was designed and implemented for three rice plots to monitor CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Furthermore, a weather station was installed to record meteorological variables. The vegetative, reproductive, and maturation phases of the crop lasted 95, 35, and 42 days post-sowing (DPS), respectively. In total, the crop lasted 172 DPS. Diurnal NEE had the highest CO<sub>2</sub> absorption capacity at 10:00 a.m. for the tillering stage (82 and 89 DPS), floral primordium (102 DPS), panicle initiation (111 DPS), and flowering (126 DPS). On the other hand, the maximum CO<sub>2</sub> emission at 82, 111, and 126 DPS occurred at 6:00 p.m. At 89 and 102 DPS, it occurred at 4:00 and 6:00 a.m., respectively. NEE in the vegetative stage was −25 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mo> </mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and in the reproductive stage, it was −35 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mo> </mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, indicating the highest absorption capacity of the plots. The seasonal dynamics of NEE were mainly controlled by the air temperature inside the chamber (Tc) (R = −0.69), the relative humidity inside the chamber (RHc) (R = −0.66), and net radiation (R<sub>n</sub>) (R = −0.75). These results are similar to previous studies obtained via chromatographic analysis and eddy covariance (EC), which suggests that the portable analyzer could be an alternative for CO<sub>2</sub> monitoring.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/2/402sensorsinfrared detectorscamera trappingcrop monitoringrice fields |
| spellingShingle | Mirko Bonilla-Cordova Lena Cruz-Villacorta Ida Echegaray-Cabrera Lia Ramos-Fernández Lisveth Flores del Pino Design of a Portable Analyzer to Determine the Net Exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> in Rice Field Ecosystems Sensors sensors infrared detectors camera trapping crop monitoring rice fields |
| title | Design of a Portable Analyzer to Determine the Net Exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> in Rice Field Ecosystems |
| title_full | Design of a Portable Analyzer to Determine the Net Exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> in Rice Field Ecosystems |
| title_fullStr | Design of a Portable Analyzer to Determine the Net Exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> in Rice Field Ecosystems |
| title_full_unstemmed | Design of a Portable Analyzer to Determine the Net Exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> in Rice Field Ecosystems |
| title_short | Design of a Portable Analyzer to Determine the Net Exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> in Rice Field Ecosystems |
| title_sort | design of a portable analyzer to determine the net exchange of co sub 2 sub in rice field ecosystems |
| topic | sensors infrared detectors camera trapping crop monitoring rice fields |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/2/402 |
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