Eco-Friendly Geopolymer Composites Prepared from Agro-Industrial Wastes: A State-of-the-Art Review
Portland cement (PC) is a common material used in civil infrastructure engineering. Cement production emits roughly 2.2 billion tons of CO<sub>2</sub> per year, contributing 8% of global emissions in 2016. This contributes to almost half of the calcination process, and together with ther...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | CivilEng |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4109/4/2/25 |
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| author | Asiya Alawi Abdalrhman Milad Diego Barbieri Moad Alosta George Uwadiegwu Alaneme Qadir Bux alias Imran Latif |
| author_facet | Asiya Alawi Abdalrhman Milad Diego Barbieri Moad Alosta George Uwadiegwu Alaneme Qadir Bux alias Imran Latif |
| author_sort | Asiya Alawi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Portland cement (PC) is a common material used in civil infrastructure engineering. Cement production emits roughly 2.2 billion tons of CO<sub>2</sub> per year, contributing 8% of global emissions in 2016. This contributes to almost half of the calcination process, and together with thermal combustion, clinker generation could be responsible for 90% of the sector’s emissions. One effective technique for dealing with these industrial by-product wastes is to employ them to make cement replacements such as concrete and mortar, which can be used in a variety of applications. As a result, the purpose of this research is to review the current advancements, challenges, and future perspectives on the utilization of agro-industrial waste (AIW) produced around the world in cement-based products. Geopolymers (GPs), on the other hand, reduce carbon dioxide emissions and have the potential to be a complete or partial replacement for PC in the construction sector. The GP technology enables the use of AIW in combination with an alumina–silicate (A–S) phase with minimal environmental impact. GP-cement is mostly produced by activating alkali silicates or alkali sols with secondary raw materials such as calcined clays, fly ash (FA), zeolite, metakaolin, etc. Mixing various resource materials, including additives, A–S, and alkali sols, alkali concentrations, optimizing the curing temperature, the SiO<sub>2</sub>/Na<sub>2</sub>O ratio, microstructural behavior, and other factors, results in GP-cement with outstanding mechanical and durability characteristics. The review concludes that AIW-based geopolymer composites have shown promising results in terms of their mechanical properties, durability, and environmental sustainability, which makes them emerge as promising future building materials with applications in a wide range of industries. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:37:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a96962a510844b2e807bade487fdf8c4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2673-4109 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:37:02Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | CivilEng |
| spelling | doaj.art-a96962a510844b2e807bade487fdf8c42023-11-18T09:52:11ZengMDPI AGCivilEng2673-41092023-04-014243345310.3390/civileng4020025Eco-Friendly Geopolymer Composites Prepared from Agro-Industrial Wastes: A State-of-the-Art ReviewAsiya Alawi0Abdalrhman Milad1Diego Barbieri2Moad Alosta3George Uwadiegwu Alaneme4Qadir Bux alias Imran Latif5Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, OmanDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, OmanDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 7A, Trøndelag, 7491 Trondheim, NorwayDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, OmanDepartment of Civil Engineering, Kampala International University, Kampala 20000, UgandaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, OmanPortland cement (PC) is a common material used in civil infrastructure engineering. Cement production emits roughly 2.2 billion tons of CO<sub>2</sub> per year, contributing 8% of global emissions in 2016. This contributes to almost half of the calcination process, and together with thermal combustion, clinker generation could be responsible for 90% of the sector’s emissions. One effective technique for dealing with these industrial by-product wastes is to employ them to make cement replacements such as concrete and mortar, which can be used in a variety of applications. As a result, the purpose of this research is to review the current advancements, challenges, and future perspectives on the utilization of agro-industrial waste (AIW) produced around the world in cement-based products. Geopolymers (GPs), on the other hand, reduce carbon dioxide emissions and have the potential to be a complete or partial replacement for PC in the construction sector. The GP technology enables the use of AIW in combination with an alumina–silicate (A–S) phase with minimal environmental impact. GP-cement is mostly produced by activating alkali silicates or alkali sols with secondary raw materials such as calcined clays, fly ash (FA), zeolite, metakaolin, etc. Mixing various resource materials, including additives, A–S, and alkali sols, alkali concentrations, optimizing the curing temperature, the SiO<sub>2</sub>/Na<sub>2</sub>O ratio, microstructural behavior, and other factors, results in GP-cement with outstanding mechanical and durability characteristics. The review concludes that AIW-based geopolymer composites have shown promising results in terms of their mechanical properties, durability, and environmental sustainability, which makes them emerge as promising future building materials with applications in a wide range of industries.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4109/4/2/25GPwaste-derived materialssustainableeco-friendlymechanical and durability properties |
| spellingShingle | Asiya Alawi Abdalrhman Milad Diego Barbieri Moad Alosta George Uwadiegwu Alaneme Qadir Bux alias Imran Latif Eco-Friendly Geopolymer Composites Prepared from Agro-Industrial Wastes: A State-of-the-Art Review CivilEng GP waste-derived materials sustainable eco-friendly mechanical and durability properties |
| title | Eco-Friendly Geopolymer Composites Prepared from Agro-Industrial Wastes: A State-of-the-Art Review |
| title_full | Eco-Friendly Geopolymer Composites Prepared from Agro-Industrial Wastes: A State-of-the-Art Review |
| title_fullStr | Eco-Friendly Geopolymer Composites Prepared from Agro-Industrial Wastes: A State-of-the-Art Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Eco-Friendly Geopolymer Composites Prepared from Agro-Industrial Wastes: A State-of-the-Art Review |
| title_short | Eco-Friendly Geopolymer Composites Prepared from Agro-Industrial Wastes: A State-of-the-Art Review |
| title_sort | eco friendly geopolymer composites prepared from agro industrial wastes a state of the art review |
| topic | GP waste-derived materials sustainable eco-friendly mechanical and durability properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4109/4/2/25 |
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