Establishment of HFC-134a Emission Inventory in the North China Plain from 1995 to 2020
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) is a potent greenhouse gas that can be degraded to produce trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), a degradation product that has an impact on aquatic ecology, so its emission has been a continuous concern worldwide. Existing studies mainly estimate the global- or national-s...
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/3/501 |
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| author | Shan Ding Jing Wu Jing Wang Tengfei Ma Dayu Zhang Dongmei Hu Yueling Zhang |
| author_facet | Shan Ding Jing Wu Jing Wang Tengfei Ma Dayu Zhang Dongmei Hu Yueling Zhang |
| author_sort | Shan Ding |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) is a potent greenhouse gas that can be degraded to produce trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), a degradation product that has an impact on aquatic ecology, so its emission has been a continuous concern worldwide. Existing studies mainly estimate the global- or national-scale emissions of HFC-134a, and there are relatively few studies on regional emissions, all of which used the top-down method. By establishing a regional-scale bottom-up emission inventory and comparing it with the regional-scale top-down estimation results, regional emissions can be verified and their emission characteristics and environmental impacts can be analysed. HFC-134 emissions were estimated for the first time in the North China Plain using the emission factor method, and spatiotemporal characteristics and environmental impacts were analysed for the period of 1995 to 2020. The results showed that the cumulative HFC-134a emissions were 88 (73–103) kt (126 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>-eq), which have led to an increase in global radiative forcing of 1.1 × 10<sup>−3</sup> (0.9 × 10<sup>−3</sup>–1.3 × 10<sup>−3</sup>) W m<sup>−2</sup>, an increase in global surface temperature of 8.9 × 10<sup>−4</sup> °C, and a cumulative TFA production of 7.5 (6.2–8.9) kt as of 2020. The major sources of HFC-134a emissions are the refrigeration and air conditioning sector, which involves the automotive air conditioning (MAC), industrial and commercial refrigeration, and air conditioning (ICR) sub-sectors. China joined the Kigali Amendment in 2021 to phase down HFCs and proposed the goal of carbon neutrality by 2060. The North China Plain is a region undergoing rapid economic development, with a relatively high proportion of GDP (29%) and car ownership (23%) in 2020. Additionally, HFC-134a emissions accounted for about 20% of the total emissions in China. Therefore, HFC-134a emissions and their environmental impact on the North China Plain should not be ignored. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:56:43Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:56:43Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-a9f2690f3b3143628574f9187ea6317e2023-11-17T09:32:37ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332023-03-0114350110.3390/atmos14030501Establishment of HFC-134a Emission Inventory in the North China Plain from 1995 to 2020Shan Ding0Jing Wu1Jing Wang2Tengfei Ma3Dayu Zhang4Dongmei Hu5Yueling Zhang6The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, ChinaEngineering Research Center of Clean and Low-Carbon Technology for Intelligent Transportation, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, ChinaThe MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, ChinaThe MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, ChinaThe MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, ChinaThe MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, ChinaThe MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) is a potent greenhouse gas that can be degraded to produce trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), a degradation product that has an impact on aquatic ecology, so its emission has been a continuous concern worldwide. Existing studies mainly estimate the global- or national-scale emissions of HFC-134a, and there are relatively few studies on regional emissions, all of which used the top-down method. By establishing a regional-scale bottom-up emission inventory and comparing it with the regional-scale top-down estimation results, regional emissions can be verified and their emission characteristics and environmental impacts can be analysed. HFC-134 emissions were estimated for the first time in the North China Plain using the emission factor method, and spatiotemporal characteristics and environmental impacts were analysed for the period of 1995 to 2020. The results showed that the cumulative HFC-134a emissions were 88 (73–103) kt (126 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>-eq), which have led to an increase in global radiative forcing of 1.1 × 10<sup>−3</sup> (0.9 × 10<sup>−3</sup>–1.3 × 10<sup>−3</sup>) W m<sup>−2</sup>, an increase in global surface temperature of 8.9 × 10<sup>−4</sup> °C, and a cumulative TFA production of 7.5 (6.2–8.9) kt as of 2020. The major sources of HFC-134a emissions are the refrigeration and air conditioning sector, which involves the automotive air conditioning (MAC), industrial and commercial refrigeration, and air conditioning (ICR) sub-sectors. China joined the Kigali Amendment in 2021 to phase down HFCs and proposed the goal of carbon neutrality by 2060. The North China Plain is a region undergoing rapid economic development, with a relatively high proportion of GDP (29%) and car ownership (23%) in 2020. Additionally, HFC-134a emissions accounted for about 20% of the total emissions in China. Therefore, HFC-134a emissions and their environmental impact on the North China Plain should not be ignored.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/3/501HFC-134aemission factor methodspatial-temporal distribution characteristicsenvironmental impact |
| spellingShingle | Shan Ding Jing Wu Jing Wang Tengfei Ma Dayu Zhang Dongmei Hu Yueling Zhang Establishment of HFC-134a Emission Inventory in the North China Plain from 1995 to 2020 Atmosphere HFC-134a emission factor method spatial-temporal distribution characteristics environmental impact |
| title | Establishment of HFC-134a Emission Inventory in the North China Plain from 1995 to 2020 |
| title_full | Establishment of HFC-134a Emission Inventory in the North China Plain from 1995 to 2020 |
| title_fullStr | Establishment of HFC-134a Emission Inventory in the North China Plain from 1995 to 2020 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Establishment of HFC-134a Emission Inventory in the North China Plain from 1995 to 2020 |
| title_short | Establishment of HFC-134a Emission Inventory in the North China Plain from 1995 to 2020 |
| title_sort | establishment of hfc 134a emission inventory in the north china plain from 1995 to 2020 |
| topic | HFC-134a emission factor method spatial-temporal distribution characteristics environmental impact |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/3/501 |
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