Combined Use of Charcoal, Sago Bark Ash, and Urea Mitigate Soil Acidity and Aluminium Toxicity
Highly weathered tropical acidic soils are characterized by low pH, low organic matter, and aluminium and iron toxicity. These factors pose a challenge to achieving sustainable agriculture. The continued increase in the human population with the accompanied increasing food demand have negatively imp...
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/9/1799 |
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| author | Nur Hidayah Hamidi Osumanu Haruna Ahmed Latifah Omar Huck Ywih Ch'ng |
| author_facet | Nur Hidayah Hamidi Osumanu Haruna Ahmed Latifah Omar Huck Ywih Ch'ng |
| author_sort | Nur Hidayah Hamidi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Highly weathered tropical acidic soils are characterized by low pH, low organic matter, and aluminium and iron toxicity. These factors pose a challenge to achieving sustainable agriculture. The continued increase in the human population with the accompanied increasing food demand have negatively impacted the global N cycle partly because of excessive use N fertilizers particularly urea which is commonly used in agriculture. Ammonia volatilization from urea as an example, negatives the environmental quality. This study focuses on soil-N availability, pH, exchangeable acidity, Al<sup>3+</sup>, and H<sup>+</sup> of a highly weathered acid soils (Bekenu series) through the combined use of charcoal, sago bark ash, and urea. To this end, an incubation study was conducted for 90 days through the combined use of charcoal, sago bark ash, and urea to determine if this approach could improve soil N availability and pH at the same time reducing exchangeable acidity, and Al<sup>3+</sup>, and H<sup>+</sup> toxicity. The amount of urea used was fixed at 100% as the recommended rate. Charcoal and sago bark ash were varied by 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, respectively of the recommended rate. Selected soil physico-chemical properties were determined using standard procedures. This study revealed that combined use of charcoal, sago bark ash, and urea increased soil pH and base cations simultaneously the approach also reduced exchangeable acidity, exchangeable Al<sup>3+</sup>, and exchangeable H<sup>+</sup>. There were no significant differences in soil total N, exchangeable NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, and available NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> for the combined use of charcoal, sago bark ash, and urea and urea alone because of the acid neutralizing effect of the amendments. Apart from the sago bark ash’s liming effect, the high affinity of the functional groups of the charcoal for Al<sup>3+</sup> might have impeded Al<sup>3+</sup> from undergoing hydrolysis to produce more H<sup>+</sup> because a complete one mole of Al<sup>3+</sup> hydrolysis produces three moles of H<sup>+</sup>. Thus, the combined use of charcoal and sago bark ash can mitigate soil acidity and aluminium toxicity, although this approach has minimal effect on-N. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:59:18Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:59:18Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-a9f606ca5a904c8e9c1a94e3ca5761ad2023-11-22T11:38:32ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952021-09-01119179910.3390/agronomy11091799Combined Use of Charcoal, Sago Bark Ash, and Urea Mitigate Soil Acidity and Aluminium ToxicityNur Hidayah Hamidi0Osumanu Haruna Ahmed1Latifah Omar2Huck Ywih Ch'ng3Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Forestry, Bintulu Campus, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu 97008, MalaysiaDepartment of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Forestry, Bintulu Campus, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu 97008, MalaysiaDepartment of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Forestry, Bintulu Campus, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu 97008, MalaysiaFaculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Kelantan 17600, MalaysiaHighly weathered tropical acidic soils are characterized by low pH, low organic matter, and aluminium and iron toxicity. These factors pose a challenge to achieving sustainable agriculture. The continued increase in the human population with the accompanied increasing food demand have negatively impacted the global N cycle partly because of excessive use N fertilizers particularly urea which is commonly used in agriculture. Ammonia volatilization from urea as an example, negatives the environmental quality. This study focuses on soil-N availability, pH, exchangeable acidity, Al<sup>3+</sup>, and H<sup>+</sup> of a highly weathered acid soils (Bekenu series) through the combined use of charcoal, sago bark ash, and urea. To this end, an incubation study was conducted for 90 days through the combined use of charcoal, sago bark ash, and urea to determine if this approach could improve soil N availability and pH at the same time reducing exchangeable acidity, and Al<sup>3+</sup>, and H<sup>+</sup> toxicity. The amount of urea used was fixed at 100% as the recommended rate. Charcoal and sago bark ash were varied by 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, respectively of the recommended rate. Selected soil physico-chemical properties were determined using standard procedures. This study revealed that combined use of charcoal, sago bark ash, and urea increased soil pH and base cations simultaneously the approach also reduced exchangeable acidity, exchangeable Al<sup>3+</sup>, and exchangeable H<sup>+</sup>. There were no significant differences in soil total N, exchangeable NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, and available NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> for the combined use of charcoal, sago bark ash, and urea and urea alone because of the acid neutralizing effect of the amendments. Apart from the sago bark ash’s liming effect, the high affinity of the functional groups of the charcoal for Al<sup>3+</sup> might have impeded Al<sup>3+</sup> from undergoing hydrolysis to produce more H<sup>+</sup> because a complete one mole of Al<sup>3+</sup> hydrolysis produces three moles of H<sup>+</sup>. Thus, the combined use of charcoal and sago bark ash can mitigate soil acidity and aluminium toxicity, although this approach has minimal effect on-N.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/9/1799waste managementliming agentinorganic nitrogenpyrolysisfunctional groups |
| spellingShingle | Nur Hidayah Hamidi Osumanu Haruna Ahmed Latifah Omar Huck Ywih Ch'ng Combined Use of Charcoal, Sago Bark Ash, and Urea Mitigate Soil Acidity and Aluminium Toxicity Agronomy waste management liming agent inorganic nitrogen pyrolysis functional groups |
| title | Combined Use of Charcoal, Sago Bark Ash, and Urea Mitigate Soil Acidity and Aluminium Toxicity |
| title_full | Combined Use of Charcoal, Sago Bark Ash, and Urea Mitigate Soil Acidity and Aluminium Toxicity |
| title_fullStr | Combined Use of Charcoal, Sago Bark Ash, and Urea Mitigate Soil Acidity and Aluminium Toxicity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Combined Use of Charcoal, Sago Bark Ash, and Urea Mitigate Soil Acidity and Aluminium Toxicity |
| title_short | Combined Use of Charcoal, Sago Bark Ash, and Urea Mitigate Soil Acidity and Aluminium Toxicity |
| title_sort | combined use of charcoal sago bark ash and urea mitigate soil acidity and aluminium toxicity |
| topic | waste management liming agent inorganic nitrogen pyrolysis functional groups |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/9/1799 |
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