The Epiphytic Genus Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) in the Kermadec Islands and Zealandia Regions of the Southwestern Pacific and the Associated Risk of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning
Species in the genus Gambierdiscus produce ciguatoxins (CTXs) and/or maitotoxins (MTXs), which may cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in humans if contaminated fish are consumed. Species of Gambierdiscus have previously been isolated from macroalgae at Rangitahua (Raoul Island and North Meyer Isla...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2017-07-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/15/7/219 |
| _version_ | 1811304311554048000 |
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| author | Lesley L. Rhodes Kirsty F. Smith Sam Murray D. Tim Harwood Tom Trnski Rex Munday |
| author_facet | Lesley L. Rhodes Kirsty F. Smith Sam Murray D. Tim Harwood Tom Trnski Rex Munday |
| author_sort | Lesley L. Rhodes |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Species in the genus Gambierdiscus produce ciguatoxins (CTXs) and/or maitotoxins (MTXs), which may cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in humans if contaminated fish are consumed. Species of Gambierdiscus have previously been isolated from macroalgae at Rangitahua (Raoul Island and North Meyer Islands, northern Kermadec Islands), and the opportunity was taken to sample for Gambierdiscus at the more southerly Macauley Island during an expedition in 2016. Gambierdiscus cells were isolated, cultured, and DNA extracted and sequenced to determine the species present. Bulk cultures were tested for CTXs and MTXs by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The species isolated were G. australes, which produced MTX-1 (ranging from 3 to 36 pg/cell), and G. polynesiensis, which produced neither MTX-1 nor, unusually, any known CTXs. Isolates of both species produced putative MTX-3. The risk of fish, particularly herbivorous fish, causing CFP in the Zealandia and Kermadec Islands region is real, although in mainland New Zealand the risk is currently low. Both Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa have been recorded in the sub-tropical northern region of New Zealand, and so the risk may increase with warming seas and shift in the distribution of Gambierdiscus species. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T08:03:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a9fc319e4a6a4abf97ee70bc46a1d813 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T08:03:52Z |
| publishDate | 2017-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-a9fc319e4a6a4abf97ee70bc46a1d8132022-12-22T02:55:13ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972017-07-0115721910.3390/md15070219md15070219The Epiphytic Genus Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) in the Kermadec Islands and Zealandia Regions of the Southwestern Pacific and the Associated Risk of Ciguatera Fish PoisoningLesley L. Rhodes0Kirsty F. Smith1Sam Murray2D. Tim Harwood3Tom Trnski4Rex Munday5Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New ZealandCawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New ZealandCawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New ZealandCawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New ZealandAuckland War Memorial Museum, Private Bag 92018, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1010, New ZealandAgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Private Bag 3240, Hamilton 3214, New ZealandSpecies in the genus Gambierdiscus produce ciguatoxins (CTXs) and/or maitotoxins (MTXs), which may cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in humans if contaminated fish are consumed. Species of Gambierdiscus have previously been isolated from macroalgae at Rangitahua (Raoul Island and North Meyer Islands, northern Kermadec Islands), and the opportunity was taken to sample for Gambierdiscus at the more southerly Macauley Island during an expedition in 2016. Gambierdiscus cells were isolated, cultured, and DNA extracted and sequenced to determine the species present. Bulk cultures were tested for CTXs and MTXs by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The species isolated were G. australes, which produced MTX-1 (ranging from 3 to 36 pg/cell), and G. polynesiensis, which produced neither MTX-1 nor, unusually, any known CTXs. Isolates of both species produced putative MTX-3. The risk of fish, particularly herbivorous fish, causing CFP in the Zealandia and Kermadec Islands region is real, although in mainland New Zealand the risk is currently low. Both Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa have been recorded in the sub-tropical northern region of New Zealand, and so the risk may increase with warming seas and shift in the distribution of Gambierdiscus species.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/15/7/219Gambierdiscusciguatera fish poisoningciguatoxinsmaitotoxinKermadec Islands, New Zealand |
| spellingShingle | Lesley L. Rhodes Kirsty F. Smith Sam Murray D. Tim Harwood Tom Trnski Rex Munday The Epiphytic Genus Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) in the Kermadec Islands and Zealandia Regions of the Southwestern Pacific and the Associated Risk of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning Marine Drugs Gambierdiscus ciguatera fish poisoning ciguatoxins maitotoxin Kermadec Islands, New Zealand |
| title | The Epiphytic Genus Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) in the Kermadec Islands and Zealandia Regions of the Southwestern Pacific and the Associated Risk of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning |
| title_full | The Epiphytic Genus Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) in the Kermadec Islands and Zealandia Regions of the Southwestern Pacific and the Associated Risk of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning |
| title_fullStr | The Epiphytic Genus Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) in the Kermadec Islands and Zealandia Regions of the Southwestern Pacific and the Associated Risk of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Epiphytic Genus Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) in the Kermadec Islands and Zealandia Regions of the Southwestern Pacific and the Associated Risk of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning |
| title_short | The Epiphytic Genus Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) in the Kermadec Islands and Zealandia Regions of the Southwestern Pacific and the Associated Risk of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning |
| title_sort | epiphytic genus gambierdiscus dinophyceae in the kermadec islands and zealandia regions of the southwestern pacific and the associated risk of ciguatera fish poisoning |
| topic | Gambierdiscus ciguatera fish poisoning ciguatoxins maitotoxin Kermadec Islands, New Zealand |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/15/7/219 |
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