Heavy Metals, Proximate Analysis and Brine Shrimp Lethality of <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> and <i>Ocimum gratissimum</i> Growing in Crude Oil-Rich Delta State, Nigeria
<i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> (VA) and <i>Ocimum gratissimum</i> (OG) are among the most frequently consumed vegetables in Kokori and Abraka communities of Delta State, Nigeria. However, the continuous crude oil exploration and spillages in Kokori may threaten their safety for u...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-11-01
|
| Series: | Foods |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/12/2913 |
| _version_ | 1797504725368700928 |
|---|---|
| author | Oluwatofunmilayo Arike Diyaolu Alfred F. Attah Emmanuel T. Oluwabusola Jones Olanrewaju Moody Marcel Jaspars Rainer Ebel |
| author_facet | Oluwatofunmilayo Arike Diyaolu Alfred F. Attah Emmanuel T. Oluwabusola Jones Olanrewaju Moody Marcel Jaspars Rainer Ebel |
| author_sort | Oluwatofunmilayo Arike Diyaolu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> (VA) and <i>Ocimum gratissimum</i> (OG) are among the most frequently consumed vegetables in Kokori and Abraka communities of Delta State, Nigeria. However, the continuous crude oil exploration and spillages in Kokori may threaten their safety for use as food and medicine. Twelve samples of VA and OG obtained from crude oil-rich and crude oil-free communities were comparatively analysed for proximate composition, heavy metals, and cytotoxicity. Data obtained were subjected to various multivariate statistical techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA), biplot, and analysis of variance (ANOVA), to investigate the correlations between the vegetables from the different communities and the effect of crude oil exploration and spill on plant biomass. Results obtained indicate a significant difference (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in the proximate composition of VA and OG and higher heavy metal content for VA from the crude oil-spill Kokori. Two VA collections from Kokori were exceptionally toxic to cellular crustaceans. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:09:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-aa16263fee0a4d3c8f71dde6383c3dcf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:09:27Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-aa16263fee0a4d3c8f71dde6383c3dcf2023-11-23T08:16:11ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582021-11-011012291310.3390/foods10122913Heavy Metals, Proximate Analysis and Brine Shrimp Lethality of <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> and <i>Ocimum gratissimum</i> Growing in Crude Oil-Rich Delta State, NigeriaOluwatofunmilayo Arike Diyaolu0Alfred F. Attah1Emmanuel T. Oluwabusola2Jones Olanrewaju Moody3Marcel Jaspars4Rainer Ebel5Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UKDepartment of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 200132, NigeriaMarine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UKDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200132, NigeriaMarine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UKMarine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK<i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> (VA) and <i>Ocimum gratissimum</i> (OG) are among the most frequently consumed vegetables in Kokori and Abraka communities of Delta State, Nigeria. However, the continuous crude oil exploration and spillages in Kokori may threaten their safety for use as food and medicine. Twelve samples of VA and OG obtained from crude oil-rich and crude oil-free communities were comparatively analysed for proximate composition, heavy metals, and cytotoxicity. Data obtained were subjected to various multivariate statistical techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA), biplot, and analysis of variance (ANOVA), to investigate the correlations between the vegetables from the different communities and the effect of crude oil exploration and spill on plant biomass. Results obtained indicate a significant difference (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in the proximate composition of VA and OG and higher heavy metal content for VA from the crude oil-spill Kokori. Two VA collections from Kokori were exceptionally toxic to cellular crustaceans.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/12/2913proximate analysisbrine shrimp assaycrude oil explorationatomic absorption spectrometry |
| spellingShingle | Oluwatofunmilayo Arike Diyaolu Alfred F. Attah Emmanuel T. Oluwabusola Jones Olanrewaju Moody Marcel Jaspars Rainer Ebel Heavy Metals, Proximate Analysis and Brine Shrimp Lethality of <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> and <i>Ocimum gratissimum</i> Growing in Crude Oil-Rich Delta State, Nigeria Foods proximate analysis brine shrimp assay crude oil exploration atomic absorption spectrometry |
| title | Heavy Metals, Proximate Analysis and Brine Shrimp Lethality of <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> and <i>Ocimum gratissimum</i> Growing in Crude Oil-Rich Delta State, Nigeria |
| title_full | Heavy Metals, Proximate Analysis and Brine Shrimp Lethality of <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> and <i>Ocimum gratissimum</i> Growing in Crude Oil-Rich Delta State, Nigeria |
| title_fullStr | Heavy Metals, Proximate Analysis and Brine Shrimp Lethality of <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> and <i>Ocimum gratissimum</i> Growing in Crude Oil-Rich Delta State, Nigeria |
| title_full_unstemmed | Heavy Metals, Proximate Analysis and Brine Shrimp Lethality of <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> and <i>Ocimum gratissimum</i> Growing in Crude Oil-Rich Delta State, Nigeria |
| title_short | Heavy Metals, Proximate Analysis and Brine Shrimp Lethality of <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> and <i>Ocimum gratissimum</i> Growing in Crude Oil-Rich Delta State, Nigeria |
| title_sort | heavy metals proximate analysis and brine shrimp lethality of i vernonia amygdalina i and i ocimum gratissimum i growing in crude oil rich delta state nigeria |
| topic | proximate analysis brine shrimp assay crude oil exploration atomic absorption spectrometry |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/12/2913 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT oluwatofunmilayoarikediyaolu heavymetalsproximateanalysisandbrineshrimplethalityofivernoniaamygdalinaiandiocimumgratissimumigrowingincrudeoilrichdeltastatenigeria AT alfredfattah heavymetalsproximateanalysisandbrineshrimplethalityofivernoniaamygdalinaiandiocimumgratissimumigrowingincrudeoilrichdeltastatenigeria AT emmanueltoluwabusola heavymetalsproximateanalysisandbrineshrimplethalityofivernoniaamygdalinaiandiocimumgratissimumigrowingincrudeoilrichdeltastatenigeria AT jonesolanrewajumoody heavymetalsproximateanalysisandbrineshrimplethalityofivernoniaamygdalinaiandiocimumgratissimumigrowingincrudeoilrichdeltastatenigeria AT marceljaspars heavymetalsproximateanalysisandbrineshrimplethalityofivernoniaamygdalinaiandiocimumgratissimumigrowingincrudeoilrichdeltastatenigeria AT rainerebel heavymetalsproximateanalysisandbrineshrimplethalityofivernoniaamygdalinaiandiocimumgratissimumigrowingincrudeoilrichdeltastatenigeria |