<i>Populus alba</i> L., an Autochthonous Species of Spain: A Source for Cellulose Nanofibers by Chemical Pretreatment
In order to identify new sustainable sources for producing cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), fast-growing poplar (<i>Populus alba</i> L.) wood was evaluated herein. For that purpose, bleached poplar kraft pulp was produced and submitted to TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical)...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/1/68 |
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| author | David Ibarra Raquel Martín-Sampedro Bernd Wicklein Antonio M. Borrero-López Concepción Valencia Ana Valdehíta José M. Navas María E. Eugenio |
| author_facet | David Ibarra Raquel Martín-Sampedro Bernd Wicklein Antonio M. Borrero-López Concepción Valencia Ana Valdehíta José M. Navas María E. Eugenio |
| author_sort | David Ibarra |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In order to identify new sustainable sources for producing cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), fast-growing poplar (<i>Populus alba</i> L.) wood was evaluated herein. For that purpose, bleached poplar kraft pulp was produced and submitted to TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical) mediated oxidation (TEMPO-ox) chemical pretreatment followed by microfluidization. The resulting CNFs were thoroughly characterized, including a rheological study at different pH values. Poplar CNFs showed properties comparable to eucalypt CNFs (reference material for CNFs production), showing high carboxylate content (1048 ± 128 µmol g<sup>−1</sup>), fibrillation yield (87.3% ± 8.1%), optical transmittance (83% at 700 nm) and thermal stability (up to more than 200 °C). Regarding the rheological study, whereas pH from 4 to 10 did not produce significant changes in rheological behavior, a reduction of pH down to 1 led to an order-of-magnitude increase on the viscoelastic functions. Therefore, poplar CNF shows potential in the pH-sensitive hydrogels application field. Finally, the possible ecotoxicity of poplar CNF was assessed. The decrease in cell viability was very low so that only concentrations causing a 10% cytotoxicity could be calculated for the assay detecting alterations in cell metabolism (10 µg mL<sup>−1</sup>) and plasma membrane integrity (60 µg mL<sup>−1</sup>). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:25:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-aa299a79dcb94923b72418df7d23ebdb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:25:18Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-aa299a79dcb94923b72418df7d23ebdb2023-11-23T12:09:21ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602021-12-011416810.3390/polym14010068<i>Populus alba</i> L., an Autochthonous Species of Spain: A Source for Cellulose Nanofibers by Chemical PretreatmentDavid Ibarra0Raquel Martín-Sampedro1Bernd Wicklein2Antonio M. Borrero-López3Concepción Valencia4Ana Valdehíta5José M. Navas6María E. Eugenio7Forest Research Center (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, SpainForest Research Center (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, SpainMaterials Science Institute of Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, SpainPro2TecS—Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Centre, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, ETSI, Campus de “El Carmen”, Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, SpainPro2TecS—Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Centre, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, ETSI, Campus de “El Carmen”, Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, SpainEnvironment and Agronomy Department (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, SpainEnvironment and Agronomy Department (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, SpainForest Research Center (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, SpainIn order to identify new sustainable sources for producing cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), fast-growing poplar (<i>Populus alba</i> L.) wood was evaluated herein. For that purpose, bleached poplar kraft pulp was produced and submitted to TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical) mediated oxidation (TEMPO-ox) chemical pretreatment followed by microfluidization. The resulting CNFs were thoroughly characterized, including a rheological study at different pH values. Poplar CNFs showed properties comparable to eucalypt CNFs (reference material for CNFs production), showing high carboxylate content (1048 ± 128 µmol g<sup>−1</sup>), fibrillation yield (87.3% ± 8.1%), optical transmittance (83% at 700 nm) and thermal stability (up to more than 200 °C). Regarding the rheological study, whereas pH from 4 to 10 did not produce significant changes in rheological behavior, a reduction of pH down to 1 led to an order-of-magnitude increase on the viscoelastic functions. Therefore, poplar CNF shows potential in the pH-sensitive hydrogels application field. Finally, the possible ecotoxicity of poplar CNF was assessed. The decrease in cell viability was very low so that only concentrations causing a 10% cytotoxicity could be calculated for the assay detecting alterations in cell metabolism (10 µg mL<sup>−1</sup>) and plasma membrane integrity (60 µg mL<sup>−1</sup>).https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/1/68cellulose nanofiberschemical pretreatmentcytotoxicitynanocellulose<i>Populus alba</i> L.rheology |
| spellingShingle | David Ibarra Raquel Martín-Sampedro Bernd Wicklein Antonio M. Borrero-López Concepción Valencia Ana Valdehíta José M. Navas María E. Eugenio <i>Populus alba</i> L., an Autochthonous Species of Spain: A Source for Cellulose Nanofibers by Chemical Pretreatment Polymers cellulose nanofibers chemical pretreatment cytotoxicity nanocellulose <i>Populus alba</i> L. rheology |
| title | <i>Populus alba</i> L., an Autochthonous Species of Spain: A Source for Cellulose Nanofibers by Chemical Pretreatment |
| title_full | <i>Populus alba</i> L., an Autochthonous Species of Spain: A Source for Cellulose Nanofibers by Chemical Pretreatment |
| title_fullStr | <i>Populus alba</i> L., an Autochthonous Species of Spain: A Source for Cellulose Nanofibers by Chemical Pretreatment |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Populus alba</i> L., an Autochthonous Species of Spain: A Source for Cellulose Nanofibers by Chemical Pretreatment |
| title_short | <i>Populus alba</i> L., an Autochthonous Species of Spain: A Source for Cellulose Nanofibers by Chemical Pretreatment |
| title_sort | i populus alba i l an autochthonous species of spain a source for cellulose nanofibers by chemical pretreatment |
| topic | cellulose nanofibers chemical pretreatment cytotoxicity nanocellulose <i>Populus alba</i> L. rheology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/1/68 |
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